Manchester Metropolitan University has a standard version of the Harvard referencing style called MMU Harvard.
The MMU Harvard style requires you to reference each type of information source (e.g. book, article, webpage etc.) in a standard way.
The MMU Harvard reference types A-Z section below provides examples of how to cite and reference a wide range of information source types.
Please also consult the Citations and Direct quotes sections for instruction on how to present citations.
Our MMU Harvard FAQs provide further instruction on referencing and how to identify sources.
You can also download the full MMU Harvard Referencing Guide as a PDF, and an MMU Harvard referencing PDF quick guide, from the bottom of this page.
If you do not find the answer you need in the sections below or require help with identifying the source to reference, our MMU Harvard FAQs may provide some guidance.
Hetal Patel, Lecturer
in conjunction with
The MMU Harvard referencing team
September 2020
In constructing this guide, a number of handbooks from various institutions were consulted.
Permission to use information from these institutions has been granted. The authors would like to
thank and acknowledge the following people or departments:
David Rudd – University of Bolton
Geoffrey Ward – University of Essex
Information Literacy Team – University of Leeds
Learning and Information Services (LIS) – University of Wolverhampton
Skills for Learning – Leeds Metropolitan University
Sue Taylor – University of Gloucestershire
Virginia Bell – Queen Margaret University
Academic Services – Bournemouth University
The authors would also like to thank members of staff from the Faculties of Education and Health,
Psychology and Social Care for their advice and recommendations.
Special thanks to Janet Rooney for the design of this handbook.
This Harvard referencing handbook is designed to be used specifically by undergraduate students
studying at Manchester Metropolitan University. However, all students are advised to check with
their programme team as to which style of referencing is required as a few departments do not use
the Harvard system.
Postgraduate students and those who are submitting material for publication should adhere strictly
to guidelines or specifications provided by their supervisor or publishers of the relevant journal.
Contents | |
---|---|
Acknowledgements | |
Disclaimer | |
Why should I reference? | Plagiarism |
What are citations, references and a bibliography? | |
Citations | |
References | |
Bibliography | |
Citations | |
Direct quotes | Direct quotes: general rules |
Length of quotes | |
Referencing list format | |
Citing and referencing specific sources: A-Z of reference types | |
Acts of Parliament | Citing Acts of Parliament |
Referencing Acts of Parliament | |
Acts introduced prior to 1963 | |
Annual Reports | Citing annual reports |
Referencing print copy annual reports | |
Referencing online annual reports | |
App content | Citing app content |
Referencing app content | |
Apps | Citing apps |
Referencing apps | |
Archive material | Citing archive material |
Referencing archive material accessed online | |
Referencing archive material viewed physically | |
Bills | Citing Bills |
Referencing Bills | |
Books | General rules |
Citing books | |
Referencing books | |
Briefing papers | Citing briefing papers |
Referencing briefing papers | |
Business cases | Citing business cases |
Referencing business cases - online copy | |
Referencing business print - online copy | |
Case law | Citing case law |
Referencing case law | |
Chapter in an edited book | Citing a chapter from an edited book |
Referencing a chapter from an edited book | |
Company data/reports from company financial databases | Citing data/reports from company financial databases |
Referencing data/reports from company financial databases | |
Company reports | |
Computer / video games | Citing computer / video games |
Referencing a computer / video game | |
Referencing an online/downloaded computer game | |
Conference papers and conference proceedings (published and unpublished) | Citing conference papers (published or unpublished) |
Referencing conference proceedings | |
Referencing published conference papers – print copy | |
Referencing published conference papers – online copy | |
Referencing unpublished conference papers (paper presented at a conference) | |
Referencing a conference presentation document | |
Discussion papers | Citing discussion papers |
Referencing print discussion papers | |
Referencing online discussion papers | |
Dissertations/theses | Citing dissertations/theses |
Referencing dissertations/theses – print copy | |
Referencing dissertations/theses – online copy | |
Ebook readers | Citing ebook readers |
Referencing ebook readers | |
EU documents/legislation | Citing EU documents/legislation |
Referencing EU documents/legislation | |
Excel file | Citing an Excel file |
Referencing an Excel file | |
Exhibition catalogues | Citing exhibition catalogues |
Referencing exhibition catalogues | |
Referencing a work of art in an exhibition catalogue | |
Films/DVDs/videos | Citing films/DVDs/videos |
Referencing films | |
Referencing DVDs/videos | |
Citing extra features on DVDs/videos: film commentaries | |
Referencing extra features on DVDs/videos: film commentaries | |
Citing extra features on DVDs/videos: interviews with film director/s | |
Referencing extra features on DVDs/videos: interviews with film director/s | |
Citing extra features on DVDs/videos: documentary | |
Referencing extra features on DVDs/videos: documentary | |
Citing films accessed online | |
Referencing films accessed online | |
Foreign language sources | Citing foreign language sources |
Referencing foreign language sources | |
Referencing foreign language newspaper articles – online editions | |
General Reports | Citing general reports |
Referencing print copy general reports | |
Referencing online general reports | |
Government Command papers | Citing Command papers |
Referencing Command papers | |
Guest presentations | Citing guest presentations |
Referencing guest presentations | |
Illustrations: e.g. images, pictures, diagrams, tables | Caption elements for illustrations |
Citing illustrations | |
Referencing illustrations | |
Journal articles | Citing journal articles |
Referencing journal articles | |
Online journal articles | |
Journals: special issue | Citing journals: special issue |
Referencing journals: special issue | |
Leaflets/posters | Citing leaflets/posters |
Referencing leaflets/posters | |
Lecture notes | Citing lecture notes |
Referencing lecture notes | |
Magazine articles | Citing magazine articles |
Referencing magazine articles | |
Referencing online magazine articles | |
Market reports/company and industry profiles/country reports | Citing market reports |
Referencing market reports/company and industry profiles/country reports - print copy | |
Referencing market reports/company and industry profiles/country reports – online copy | |
Newspaper articles | Citing newspaper articles |
Referencing print copies of newspaper articles | |
Referencing online newspaper articles | |
Online audio | Citing online audio |
Referencing an online audio | |
Online images or photos | Citing online images or photos |
Referencing online images or photos | |
Online PDF documents | Citing online PDF documents |
Referencing online PDF documents | |
Citing a chapter in an Online PDF document | |
Referencing a chapter in an Online PDF document | |
Online videos | Citing online videos |
Referencing online videos | |
Parliamentary debates (Hansard) | Citing parliamentary debates (Hansard) |
Referencing a parliamentary debate (print copy) | |
Referencing a parliamentary debate (online version) | |
Parliamentary papers - online | Citing parliamentary papers – online |
Referencing parliamentary papers – online | |
Patents | Citing a Patent |
Referencing a Patent | |
Plays | Citing a play |
Referencing a play | |
Preprint articles | Citing preprint articles |
Referencing preprint articles | |
Press release | Citing a press release |
Referencing a press release | |
Religious texts | Citing religious texts |
Referencing religious texts | |
Secondary sources | Citing secondary sources |
Referencing secondary sources | |
Software | Citing software |
Referencing software | |
Songs | Citing songs |
Referencing songs from a single (a or b sides) | |
Referencing songs from an album | |
Referencing an album | |
Referencing songs accessed online | |
Sources with no author | |
Speech | Citing a speech |
Referencing a speech | |
Standards | Citing Standards |
Referencing print Standards | |
Referencing online Standards | |
Statutory Instruments | Citing Statutory Instruments |
Referencing Statutory Instruments | |
Systematic reviews – Cochrane | Citing systematic reviews |
Referencing systematic reviews | |
Television and Radio broadcasts | Citing television and radio broadcasts |
Referencing television and radio broadcasts | |
Referencing television and radio broadcasts accessed online | |
Translated source | Citing a translated source |
Referencing a translated book | |
Referencing a translated book with an editor | |
Referencing a translated book with introduction/section written by another author | |
Referencing translated journal articles | |
UN documents | Citing UN documents |
Referencing print UN documents | |
Referencing online UN documents | |
Webpages (including blogs and social media sites) | Citing webpages (including blogs and social media sites) |
Referencing webpages (including blogs and social media sites) | |
Working papers | Citing working papers |
Referencing print working papers | |
Referencing online working papers | |
Works of art | Citing works of art |
Referencing works of art | |
Original work of art showing in a temporary exhibition | |
Citing a work of art showing in a temporary exhibition | |
Referencing a work of art showing in a temporary exhibition | |
Art exhibition | |
Citing an art exhibition | |
Referencing an art exhibition | |
Work of art reproduced in another source | |
Citing a work of art reproduced in another source | |
Referencing a work of art reproduced in a book | |
Referencing a work of art reproduced on a webpage |
One of the purpose of referencing is to enable others to find the information that you have used in
your assignment.
You MUST cite and reference all the sources of information that you have used in the main text of
your assignment. It is important to acknowledge the work of others if you have referred to it in your
assignments; if you do not, you will be accused of PLAGIARISM.
Plagiarism is a failure to acknowledge another person’s work or idea and claiming this idea as your
own. This is deemed as cheating/academic misconduct and is treated as a SERIOUS OFFENCE. See
the ‘Assessment Regulations for Taught Programmes’ in the programme regulations section of your
student handbook.
You can find more information on avoiding plagiarism in the Skills Online module in your Moodle
Student Support Area.
Acknowledging other people’s work/ideas within your assignment or in the main body of your text is
called ‘citing’. You will often come across citations when you are reading books or journals.
This is a list of sources that you have cited in the main text of your assignment. You must include
this list at the end of your assignment.
This is a list of sources that you have cited in your work (i.e. your reference list) and also the sources
that you have read but have not cited in the main text of your assignment. This list should also be
placed at the end of your assignment, after the reference section; however, you only need to
produce a bibliography alongside a reference list if you have been asked to do so.
For most sources, the only information you need when citing within the text of your work is the
author’s surname and the year of publication. However, please also bear in mind:
For more complex citations, examples are provided with each specific source throughout the guide.
If you do not use the author’s name in your writing, the author and year are placed in brackets at
the end of the statement as follows.
Recording personal achievements can be used as a reflective tool and can help an individual
identify their own skills and expertise (Cottrell, 2015).
If you are using the author’s name in your writing, you would add the year in brackets following the
author’s surname, as follows.
Cottrell (2015) suggests that recording personal achievements can be used as a reflective tool and
can help an individual identify their own skills and expertise.
It is essential to provide the page number(s) for direct quotes. It can also be helpful to provide the
page number(s) when you have paraphrased the text, as this can help the reader easily find the
part of the source that you are referring to.
Author’s surname or organisation’s name and the year of publication.
… (Cottrell, 2015)
… (Association of Illustrators, 2011)
… (Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform, no date)
Both authors’ surnames or two organisations’ names and the year of publication.
… (Lightbown and Spada, 1993)
Surname of the first author only followed by et al. and the year of publication.
… (Burrows et al., 2009)
To distinguish between different sources by the same author published in the same year, use a, b, c etc. after the year in both the citation and the reference. The letter you assign to the publication should be in order of its appearance in the main text of your work. Therefore, the first publication
you cite should be assigned the letter ‘a’, the next citation will be ‘b’ etc., regardless of the month in which it was published.
(Cottrell, 2012a) {i.e. for the first instance of a citation by Cottrell published in 2012}
(Cottrell, 2012b) {i.e. for the second instance of a citation by Cottrell published in 2012}
When citing different sources by authors with the same surname, include the initial/s of the
authors to distinguish between them.
… (M. Mullins, 2016)
… (L. J. Mullins, 2011)
It can also be helpful to provide the page number(s) when you have paraphrased the text, as this
can help the reader easily find the section of the source from which you are citing.
Most disciplines at Manchester Met however, do not require you to use page numbers when
paraphrasing from a source. If you are unsure, please check with your tutor or department.
When citing a direct quote you need to include the page number or the word ‘online’, if you have
used an online source, in the citation.
For more complex quotes, examples are provided for each specific source throughout the guide:
When citing a direct quote from a source you need to use the surname/s of the author/s and the
year followed by the page number, in the following format:
When critically evaluating others’ work, it’s important to use ‘tact and a constructive approach…’
(Cottrell, 2005:97).
As many online sources have no page number, when quoting directly you need to state that the
information has been found online in the following way:
According to the Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (no date:online) pay-as-you go
ensured that ‘…mobile phones are one of the most inclusive technologies’.
Direct quotes: general rules
Quotes of up to and including 20 words, or up to two sentences (whichever is the greater) can be
embedded into the text. You MUST put single quotation marks around the text that you are inserting
into your assignment, as shown below. Remember, the sentence needs to make grammatical sense.
For an individual to manage their workload effectively, a plan can be devised to tackle daily, weekly
and monthly commitments. Within this framework, individuals can identify issues that ‘…arise in
the course of your study and prioritise them with the most serious on top’ (Whitehead and Mason,
2003:27). By setting time aside and identifying possible events that may occur…
The quote used in the above example does not start at the beginning of the original sentence.
Thus, the ellipses ‘…’ have been used to illustrate that the quote is only part of the original
sentence.
Longer quotes should be indented and placed in a separate paragraph, as shown below.
You DO NOT need to place quotation marks around the quote if it is classified as a long quote.
Moyser (2006:85) defines Elite interviewing as:
The use of interviews to study those at the ‘top’ of any stratification system, be it in sport,
academia, social status, religion, beauty or whatever. In practice, however, elite research
focuses mainly on political and economic notables. The study of elites touches on some of
the major and perennial issues of social analysis. The views and activities of generals,
businessmen, politicians and church leaders have been of concern to social thinkers since
the earliest days of Western thought.
As this definition points out…
Quotes 20 words in length or shorter can be embedded into the text. You MUST put single
quotation marks around the text that you are inserting into your assignment, as shown below.
Remember, the sentence needs to make grammatical sense.
For an individual to manage their workload effectively, a plan can be devised to tackle daily, weekly
and monthly commitments. Within this framework, individuals can identify issues that ‘…arise in
the course of your study and prioritise them with the most serious on top’ (Whitehead and Mason,
2003:27). By setting time aside and identifying possible events that may occur…
The quote used in the above example does not start at the beginning of the original sentence.
Thus, the ellipses ‘…’ have been used to illustrate that the quote is only part of the original
sentence.
ALL sources that have been mentioned in the main text need to be listed, alphabetically, in the
referencing section using the correct format as detailed in this guide.
If you have used et al. in your citation you need to list all authors in your reference list.
If you have two or more authors with the same surname you must list them in alphabetical order
according to the author’s initial/s:
Mullins, L. J. (2007) Management and organisational behaviour. 8th ed., Harlow: Financial Times
Prentice Hall.
Mullins, R. (2007) ‘iPhone: why one little gadget matters so much.’ Network World, 24(50) p. 33.
If you have a single author, where the surname is the same but the publication year is different the
sources should be listed in chronological order with the earliest publication first:
Cottrell, S. (2005) Critical thinking skills: developing effective analysis and argument. Basingstoke:
Palgrave Macmillan.
Cottrell, S. (2008) The study skills handbook. 3rd ed., Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
If you have two or more sources where the author’s surname is the same, but one publication is
written by a single author and the other is written by more than one author, the single authored
publication will be listed first. This will be the case regardless of the author’s first name:
Jameson, R. (1994) ‘Making the connection.’ Housing, 30(1) pp. 45-46.
Jameson, K. and Kidd, P. (1974) Pre-school play. London: Studio Vista.
In the above example Jameson, R. comes before Jameson, K. This is because a joint publication is
always placed after the single author of the same name.
Citing and referencing specific sources: A-Z of reference types
When citing Acts of Parliament in the main text of an assignment you must write in full, the short
title of the Act and the year.
PLEASE NOTE: Unlike the other citation formats the year of publication does not need to be placed
in brackets as this forms part of the title of the Act (with exception of direct quotes, see below).
According to the 1996 Housing Act, there are….
The 1960 Charities Act clearly stated that….
When citing a direct quote from an Act of Parliament, write the full short title of the Act and the
year, followed by the page number written in brackets.
The 1996 Housing Act (1996:13) states that tenants have the right to purchase their property as
long as ‘the dwelling was provided with public money and has remained in the social rented
sector’.
NB Please note that when quoting directly you need to add the year a second time.
When referencing an Act of Parliament, you should provide the following information in the format
displayed below:
PLEASE NOTE: Unlike for other reference types the year of publication does not need to be placed
in brackets as this forms part of the title of the Act (with exception of direct quotes, see below).
Short title of the Act and Year. (chapter number of the Act, abbreviated to ‘c.’) Place of publication:
Publisher.
Housing Act 1996. (c.52) London: HMSO.
If you are using an Act that was introduced prior to 1963, you will need to include some additional
information alongside the chapter number.
Short title of the Act and Year. (Year of reign of the monarch at the time the Act was introduced the
monarch’s name which can be abbreviated, chapter number of the Act) Place of publication:
Publisher.
Statistics of Trade Act 1947. (10&11 Geo. 6, c.39) London: HMSO.
Charities Act 1960. (8&9 Eliz. 2, c.58) London: HMSO.
When citing annual reports by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be presented as shown previously.
Please note that to cite an annual report you will generally have to use the organisation’s name as an author name is usually not present.
When referencing annual reports, you should provide the following information in the format
displayed below:
Name of company. (Year of publication) Title of annual report. Place of publication: Publisher.
eBay. (2011) Annual Report 2011. San Jose: eBay Inc.
When referencing an online annual report, you should provide the following information in the
format displayed below:
Name of company. (Year of publication) Title of annual report (in italics). [Online] [Date accessed]
URL
British Geological Survey. (2010) Annual report 2010-2011. [Online] [Accessed on 24th April 2012]
http://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/
John Lewis Partnership PLC. (2020) Annual report and accounts 2020. [Online] [Accessed on 18th June
2020] https://www.johnlewispartnership.co.uk/content/dam/cws/pdfs/Juniper/ARA2020/JLP-2020-Annual-Report-and-Accounts.pdf
When citing information from app content by paraphrasing, the information will be presented as
shown on previously.
When citing a direct quote from an app, you should use the following format:
The originator of the app, the year the app was released and the word app.
‘… product, price, promotion…’ (Morgan, 2012:app)
When referencing content from an app, you should provide the following information in the format
displayed below:
Owner/creator. (Year) (Use year accessed if release date is not available). ‘Title of app content.’
Publisher or Producer (if ascertainable). Title of app. Version number. [App] [Date accessed]
Morgan, J. (2012) ‘Business marketing lecture.’ Duke University. iTunes-U. Version 1.9.11. [App]
[Accessed on 25th January 2012]
An app refers to an application that is accessed on a mobile device, such as a tablet or smart phone.
There are academic sources produced as apps so you may need to cite and reference one in your
academic work.
When citing information from apps by paraphrasing, the information will be presented as shown previously.
When using a direct quote from an app, you should use the following format:
The originator of the app, the year the app was released and the word app.
‘healthcare in England…’ (Skyscape, 2010:app)
When referencing an app, you should provide the following information in the format displayed
below:
Originator/s. (Year) (Use year accessed if release date is not available). Title of app. Version number
(if known). [App] [Date accessed]
Skyscape. (2010) Skyscape medical resources. Version 1.9.11. [App] [Accessed on 18th January
2011]
When citing archive material by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be
presented as shown previously.
Archive material can be various types of source material and as such, the format may differ
depending on the type of material.
When referencing archive material, the archive collection details are just as important as the details
of the material itself.
General rules:
When referencing archive material accessed online, you should provide the following information in
the format displayed below:
Author surname, Initial/s. (year of publication/creation) Title of material (in italics) {and/or any
other elements specific to the source} (source reference number in brackets). [Medium (if
required)] Archive collection title. [Online] [Access date] URL
Davis, D. (1992) ‘This wonderful life.’ Broadsheet, 9(3) pp. 29-34. National Association for the
Teaching of Drama Archive. [Online] [Accessed on 21st April 2017]
http://www.mantleoftheexpert.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/NATD.v.9.3-1993.pdf
Freud, S. (1934) Postcard to Saul Rosenzweig. Sigmund Freud papers: general correspondence,
1871-1996. Library of Congress Digital Collections. [Online] [Accessed on 20th April 2017]
https://www.loc.gov/resource/mss39990.04022/?sp=2
Heathcote, D. (no date) Some very early notes on Mantle of the Expert (AC115-DH). [Annotated
typescript] Dorothy Heathcote Archive. [Online] [Accessed on 24th April 2017]
http://www.mantleoftheexpert.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/AC115-DH-Some-very-early-notes-onmoe.pdf
When referencing archive material viewed physically, you should provide the following information
in the format displayed below:
Author surname, Initial/s. (year of publication/creation) Title of material (in italics) {and/or any
other elements specific to the source} (source reference number in brackets). [Medium (if
required)] Archive collection title. Location of archive/collection.
Legh, P. (1729) Letter to Francis Leicester July 24th (DLT C35/74). Leicester-Warren Family of Tabley
Records. Cheshire Archives and Local Studies, Chester.
When citing a Bill, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Title of the Bill (Year)
Homelessness Reduction Bill (2016)
When referencing a Bill, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Key point:
Title of Bill (Year) The House in which the Bill originated. (Bill no. and parliamentary session/year)
Place of publication: Publisher.
Homelessness Reduction Bill. (2016) House of Commons. (Bill 7 2016-2017) London: TSO.
Children and Social Work Bill. (2017) House of Lords. (Bill 121 2016-2017) London: TSO.
PLEASE NOTE: Electronic books found online (not via ebook readers) will be referenced in the same
manner as a print copy of a book. This is because an electronic book is just a scanned copy of the
original print book. This means the information in both versions of the book is exactly the same.
The year of publication, for a book, refers to the year the book was first published and not the reprint date. If you are presented with a list of years, you need to select the year the book was first published.
If presented with the following information: First published 1992, reprinted 1992, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998 (twice), 1999, 2000, 2002
You would choose 1992 as the year of publication. The reason why you would not choose any of the other years, such as 2002, is because the information in the books that have been reprinted is the same as the information found in the book when it was first published.
If a book has been reprinted by a new publisher (and not the original publisher) then the date when
it was reprinted with the new publisher needs to be recorded along with the original publication
date. This is so that someone searching for the edition you have used can find it, but you are also
being clear about the original date of the information.
Rogers, C. R. (1961, reprinted 2004) On becoming a person: a therapist's view of psychotherapy.
London: Constable.
When citing books by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be presented as
shown previously.
Key Points:
You may find that the place of publication lists a number of locations, in which case you need to
select the first location because this would be the place the book was published.
Taking the above into account, when referencing a published book, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Author’s or editor’s surname/s, Initial/s. (ed/s.) (Year of publication) Title of book (in italics). Edition if applicable., Place of publication: Publisher.
Association of Illustrators. (2011) Images 35: best of British illustration 2011. London: Association of Illustrators.
Burrows, A., Parsons, A., Price, G. and Pilling G. (2009) Chemistry³: introducing inorganic, organic and physical chemistry. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lightbown, P. and Spada, N. (1993) How languages are learned. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cottrell, S. (2011) Critical thinking skills: developing effective analysis and argument. 2nd ed., Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillian.
Hargie, O. (ed.) (2006) The handbook of communication skills. 3rd ed., London: Routledge.
Thompson, N. (2018) Promoting equality: working with diversity and difference. 4th ed., London: Palgrave.
When citing briefing papers, by paraphrasing or by using direct quotes, the information will be presented as shown previously.
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year) Title of paper (in italics). Organisation/department name briefing paper number. Place of publication: Publisher. [Online] [Access date] URL
Baker, C. (2017) Accident and Emergency statistics: demand, performance and pressure. House of Commons Library Briefing Paper no. 6964. London: House of Commons Library. [Online] [Accessed on 3rd April 2017] http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN06964/SN06964.pdf
When citing a business case, by paraphrasing or by using direct quotes, the information will be presented as shown previously.
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year) Title of case (in italics). Case collection and/or number (if applicable). Place of publication: Publisher. [Online] [Access date] URL
Lawrence, K. (2020) Was McDonald’s right to fire Its CEO? London: SAGE Business Cases Originals.
[Online] [Accessed on 20th July 2020] https://sk-sagepub-com.mmu.idm.oclc.org/cases/wasmcdonalds-right-to-fire-its-ceo
Orradottir, B., Barrio, I. C. and Boyaninska, D. (2019) From bare to birch: large-scale ecosystem restoration in Iceland. Case no. 719-0053-1. Rotterdam: RSM Case Development Centre. [Online] [Accessed on 20th July 2020] https://www.thecasecentre.org/educators/products/view?id=165870
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year) Title of case (in italics). Case collection and/or number (if
applicable). Place of publication: Publisher.
Steenburgh, T. J. and Avery, J. (2010) Marketing analysis toolkit: situation analysis. Harvard Business School Case No. 510-079. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing.
Law students should follow the OSCOLA style of referencing. Instruction and examples below are for non-law students only. If you are studying law as part of another programme (e.g. Combined Honours) check with your tutor which referencing style you should use.
When citing case law, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Party Names (separated by a ‘v’ and in italics), Year of the case was heard
(Alternative Power Solution Ltd v Central Electricity Board, 2014)
When referencing case law, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Key points:
The use of round and square brackets:
Party Names (separated by a ‘v’ and in italics) [Year the case was heard] Volume number (if available) Law Report abbreviation Start page.
Alternative Power Solution Ltd v Central Electricity Board. [2014] 4 All ER 882.
Mountgarrett (Rt Hon Viscount) v Claro Water Board. (1963) 15 P & CR 53.
PLEASE NOTE: The following rules DO NOT apply if you are referencing information in a chapter from a book entirely written by the same author/s. These rules only apply when the book is edited and the chapters are written by different authors.
When citing chapters from an edited book by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be presented as shown previously.
NB: please see below for information on which author to cite.
Please bear in mind that you only need to cite the author of the chapter whose idea you have used within your assignment. For instance, if you have read a chapter by David Dickson in a book edited by Owen Hargie you use Dickson’s name in the citation. When you are using different chapters within the edited book, each chapter you cite will have a separate entry in your reference list. The book entitled ‘The handbook of communication skills’ is edited by Owen Hargie. The book was published in 2006 and there are a number of different chapters that are authored by other people. You do not need to mention, in the main body of your assignment, that the chapter was found in Hargie’s book because this is not relevant for the citation. However, this information will be provided in the reference list so that anyone can locate the correct source.
Surname/s of chapter author and year of publication
Dickson (2006) asserts that to try to define or conceptualise ‘reflecting’ as an interactive skill is very
complex.
Surname of the first author only followed by et al. and the year of publication.
Randall et al. (2006) state that non-verbal behaviour causes people to…
When citing a direct quote from a book chapter you also need the page number which is written after the year in the following format:
Dickson (2006:167) believes reflection can be beset by problems such as ‘… conceptual confusion,
terminological inconsistency, and definitional imprecision…’
When referencing the work of an author who has written a chapter in an edited book, you should
provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Surname of the author/s who wrote the chapter, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of the chapter.’ In (in italics) Surname of the editor/s, Initial/s. (ed/s.) Title of book (in italics). Edition if applicable., Place of publication: Publisher, first and last page numbers of the chapter.
Dickson, D. (2006) ‘Reflecting.’ In Hargie, O. (ed.) The handbook of communication skills. 3rd ed., London: Routledge, pp. 165-194.
Randall, A. G., Druckman, D., Rozelle, R. M. and Baxter, J. C. (2006) ‘Non-verbal behaviour as communication: approaches, issues and research.’ In Hargie, O. (ed.) The handbook of communication skills. 3rd ed., London: Routledge, pp. 73-120.
When citing data or information from a company report found on a company financial database, the information will be presented as shown previously.
Please note that to cite data/reports located on company and financial databases, you will have to use the organisation’s name as an author name is not present.
When referencing data/reports located on company and financial databases, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Name of organisation (owner of database). (Year of report) Title of company report. Title of databases (in italics). [Online] [Date accessed] URL
Bureau van Dijk. (2015) Arcadia Group Limited company report. FAME. [Online] [Accessed on 15th
July 2015] https://fame-bvdinfo-com.ezproxy.mmu.ac.uk/version201572/Search.QuickSearch.serv?_CID=1&context=1NQ68UOWXT7ZWPY
Follow the format for an Annual Report when using information from a company report which has been produced and published by the company itself.
When citing computer games, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
(Creator/developer, Year of release)
(Ubisoft, 2011)
When referencing a computer game you should provide the following information in the format
displayed below:
Creator/Developer. (Year of release) Title (in italics). Edition or Version (if applicable). Platform.[Game] Place of publication/distribution: Publisher/Distribution company.
Ubisoft. (2010) Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood. Standard edition. Xbox. [Game] Montreal: Ubisoft.
When referencing an online computer game, or one that you have downloaded, you should provide
the following information in the format displayed below:
Creator/Developer. (Year of release) Title (in italics). Edition or Version (if applicable). Platform. [Game] [Access date] URL
Blue Byte Mainz. (2015) Anno 2205. Standard edition. PC. [Game] [Accessed on 1st August 2016]
http://store.ubi.com/uk/anno-2205/56c4947888a7e300458b4570.html#start=29
When citing conference papers by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be
presented as shown previously .Key points:
When referencing conference proceedings, you should provide the following information in the
format displayed below:
Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title of conference (including number of annual conference if given) (in italics). Volume number if applicable. Location of conference (venue, city), date of conference. Editor’s (or Chair’s) Surname/s, Initial/s. (ed/s.)(if given). Place of publication:
Publisher.
Academy of International Business. (2001) Proceedings of the 28th annual conference of the Academy of International Business (UK chapter) International business in the 21st century: change and continuity - strategies, institutions, regulations and operations. Vol. 1. Manchester
Metropolitan University Business School, Manchester, 6th-7th April 2001. McDonald, F. and Tuselman, H. (eds.) Manchester: Manchester Metropolitan University Business School.
When referencing a paper from conference proceedings, you should provide the following
information in the format displayed below:
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of conference paper.’ In (in italics) Name of organisation. Title of conference (including number of annual conference if given) (in italics). Volume number if applicable. Location of conference (venue, city), date of conference. Editor’s (or Chair’s) Surname/s, Initial/s. (ed/s.) (if given) Place of publication: Publisher, first and last page numbers of paper.
Kuznetsov, A. and Kuznetsova, O. (2001) ‘The progress of market culture in Russia and managerial response.’ In Academy of International Business. Proceedings of the 28th annual conference of the Academy of International Business (UK chapter) International business in the 21st century: change and continuity - strategies, institutions, regulations and operations. Vol. 1. Manchester Metropolitan University Business School, Manchester, 6th–7th April 2001. McDonald, F. and Tuselman, H. (eds.) Manchester: Manchester Metropolitan University Business School, pp. 471- 488.
When referencing published conference papers available online, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of conference paper.’ In (in italics) Name of organisation. Title of conference (including number of annual conference if given) (in italics). Volume number if applicable. Location of conference (venue, city), date of conference. Editor’s
(or Chair’s) Surname/s, Initial/s. (ed/s.) (if given) Place of publication: Publisher, first and last page numbers of paper. [Online] [Access date] URL
Brookes, A. and Clark, C. (2001) ‘Narrative dimensions of transformative learning.’ In Adult Education Research Conference. Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Adult Education Research Conference. Michigan State University, East Lansang, MI, 1st – 3rd June, pp. 1-7. [Online] [Accessed on 3rd April 2018] http://newprairiepress.org/aerc/2001/papers/12/
When referencing an unpublished conference paper, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Author’s surname/s, initial/s. (Year of conference) ‘Title of paper.’ Paper presented at: Title of conference (in italics). Location of conference (venue, city), date of conference. [NB: no page numbers are needed]
Meagher, K. (2007) ‘The importance of public affairs in the business training sector.’ Paper presented at: The Regional Public Affairs Conference: giving the North a voice in Westminster: adding value through public affairs. Manchester Metropolitan University Business School, Manchester, 20th March.
Author’s surname/s, initial/s. (Year of conference) Title of paper (in italics). [Type of document] Title of conference, Location of conference (venue, city), date of conference. [Online] [Access date] URL
Woods, L. (2018) How do computing students use the library? [PowerPoint presentation]
Librarians’ Information Literacy Annual Conference, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, 4th April 2018. [Online] [Accessed on 13th May 2019] https://www.slideshare.net/infolit_group/how-docomputing-students-use-the-library-woods
When citing discussion papers by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be presented as shown previously.
When referencing print discussion papers, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of paper (in italics). Organisation name discussion paper number. Place of publication: Publisher
Duncan, B. and Trejo, S. J. (2011) Low-skilled immigrants and the U.S. labor market. IZA Discussion Paper no. 5964. Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor.
When referencing online discussion papers, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of paper (in italics). Organisation name discussion paper number. Place of publication: Publisher. [Online] [Date accessed] URL
Duncan, B. and Trejo, S. J. (2011) Low-skilled immigrants and the U.S. labor market. IZA Discussion Paper no. 5964. Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor. [Online] [Accessed on 3rd March 2016] http://ftp.iza.org/dp5964.pdf
When citing dissertations by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be presented
as shown previously.
Key points:
Taking the above into account, when referencing a dissertation, you should provide the following
information in the format displayed below:
Author’s surname/s, initial/s. (Year of submission) Title of thesis (in italics). Degree statement.
Name of the awarding institution.
Gillen, J. K. (1998) An investigation into young children’s telephone discourse. Ph.D. Manchester Metropolitan University.
When referencing online dissertations/theses, you should provide the following information in the
format displayed below:
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of submission) Title of thesis (in italics). Degree statement. Name of the awarding institution. [Online] [Access date] URL
Strokosch, K. (2012) Understanding the co-production of public services: the case of asylum seekers in Glasgow. Ph.D. The University of Edinburgh. [Online] [Accessed on 9th September 2019] https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/7885
PLEASE NOTE: Downloadable books read on an ebook reader only should be cited and referenced as below. When citing and referencing ebooks located and accessed via the Library website, they should be referenced in the same manner as a print copy of a book, as outlined on page 10 of this guide.
When citing information from ebook readers by paraphrasing the information will be presented as shown previously.
When citing a direct quote from an ebook that contains page numbers the information should be presented as shown previously. If the ebook does not provide page numbers, you will need to cite the information using the location number indicated instead, as shown in the first example
below. If no location is indicated, then use the chapter number, as shown in the second example below.
Research indicates (Burrows, 2009:loc 23) …
In his work, Bowyer (2003:chapter 3) suggests…
Taking the above into account, when referencing a downloadable book accessed on an ebook reader, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of book (in italics). Edition if applicable., [name of ebook reader] Place of publication: Publisher.
Burrows, A., Parsons, A., Price, G. and Pilling, G. (2009) Chemistry³: introducing inorganic, organic and physical chemistry. [Kindle Fire] Oxford: Oxford University Press.
EU legislation is also known as regulations, directives, or decisions.
When citing EU legislation by paraphrasing or using direct quotes, you should provide the Type, number and date of the piece of legislation in the format displayed below. The order the legislation number and date appear in the citation should follow the order they appear on the legislation document, as shown in the examples below:
Name, number and year of the piece of legislation.
(Council Regulation, 1907/2006)
(Council Directive, 2014/94)
To quote directly you will need to add the page number at the end of the citation, as shown in the examples below.
(Council Regulation, 1907/2006:45)
(Council Directive, 2014/94:15)
When referencing EU legislation, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Legislation type Legislation number (including year) and title. Publication details, including journal title volume (in italics), date and page numbers.
Council Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) establishing a European Chemicals Agency. Official Journal L 396, 30/12/2006 pp. 1 – 849.
Council Directive 2014/94/EU of 22 October 2014 on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure. Official Journal L 307, 28/10/2014 pp. 1 – 20.
When citing data from an Excel file, the information will be presented as shown as previously.
Please note: You do not need to treat citing data from an excel spreadsheet as a direct quote. Therefore, you do not need to use single quotation marks, or a page number in the bracketed citation. Instead, add additional information in the reference, if required, to help direct the reader to
the specific data used.
When referencing an Excel file, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below. If appropriate, enter additional information for example a tab number or section title, after the title of the file, as in the example below.
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. or Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title of file (in italics).
(Title of tab/section title) Name of organisation (if not already included as the author). [Online]
[Date accessed] URL
Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy. (2020) Trade union membership statistics 2019: tables. (Table 1.1) [Online] [Accessed on 22nd June 2020]https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/trade-union-statistics-2019
When citing exhibition catalogues by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be
presented as shown on previously.
Key point:
When referencing exhibition catalogues, you should provide the following information in the format
displayed below:
Surname of author/editor, Initial/s. (Year) Title of catalogue (in italics). Details of exhibition (as
stated on catalogue) Gallery, date. Place of publication: Publisher.
Serpentine Gallery. (2005) RirkritTiravanija: a retrospective (tomorrow is another fine day).
Catalogue to accompany exhibition held at Serpentine Gallery, 5th July to 21st August 2005. London: Serpentine Gallery.
When referencing a work of art in an exhibition catalogue, you should provide the following
information in the format displayed below:
Surname of artist, Initial/s. (Year) ‘Title of work of art.’ Description of work of art (if applicable). In Surname of author/editor, Initial/s, or Gallery name. (Year) Title of catalogue (in italics). Details of exhibition (as stated on catalogue) Gallery, date. Place of publication: Publisher, page number/s of Work of art.
Tiravanija, R. (1992) ‘Untitled 1992 (free).’ Installation at 303 Gallery, New York. In Serpentine Gallery. (2005) RirkritTiravanija: a retrospective (tomorrow is another fine day). Catalogue to accompany exhibition held at Serpentine Gallery, 5th July to 21st August 2005. London: Serpentine
Gallery, pp. 59-60.
When citing information taken from films/DVDs/videos you will need to use the title and year, with
the exception of some extra features on DVDs/videos – see the sections on ‘Citing extra features on DVDs/videos: film commentary’ and ‘Citing extra features on DVDs/videos: interviews with film director/s’ for information on these exceptions. Sometimes when citing from a film, DVD or video you are not citing the owner/creator of the source. Instead, you may be citing someone else speaking. In this instance you need to present your citation differently, including introducing the ‘speaker/s’ name in your writing. Please refer to the FAQ on the online version of this guide ‘Citing someone who is not the author of the source’ for further instruction. When citing about the content of the film (rather than what someone has said, such as character in the film) you should present the citation as below) If the title of the film/DVD/video is long, you need to use the full title the first time you refer to it in your assignment. However, the title can be abbreviated from then on, as in the first example below.
To Kill a Burglar: the Tony Martin story (TM story, 2006) addressed the issue of…
The Matrix Reloaded (2003) highlights…
To quote directly you need the time at which the words were spoken in the film/DVD/video.
…states The Terminator, ‘I’ll be back’ (The Terminator, 1984:36mins 22).
Key points:
Taking the above into account, when referencing a film, you should provide the following
information in the format displayed below:
Title of the Film (in italics). (Year of production) Director’s initial/s. surname/s. [Film] Place of
production: Production Company.
The Wind that Shakes the Barley. (2006) Directed by K. Loach. [Film] UK: UK Film Council.
Key points:
Taking the above into account, when referencing a DVD or video, you should provide the following
information in the format displayed below:
Title of the DVD/video (in italics). (Year of production) Director’s initial/s. surname. Material type,
either [DVD] or [Video] Place of distribution: Distribution company.
The Matrix Reloaded. (2003) Directed by A. and L. Wachowski. [DVD] Los Angeles: Warner Brothers Inc.
Domestic Violence Prevention Video for Schools. (2003) Directed by T. Debbonaire. [Video] London: Westminster Domestic Violence Forum.
When citing from a film commentary that you have viewed on a DVD/video, you will need to use the surname/s of the commentator/s and the year of the commentary as follows:
(NB: Also see instruction on citing three or more authors).
The surname/s of the commentator/s and the year of the commentary.
Making the film The Player is described as ... (Altman and Tonkin, 2001)
To quote directly you need to include the time at which the words were spoken in the film or DVD/video.
‘When making the film The Player…’ (Altman and Tonkin, 2001:1min 56)
When referencing a film commentary that you have viewed on a DVD/video you should provide the
following information in the format displayed below:
Commentator’s Surname/s, Initial/s. (Year) ‘Film commentary.’ Title of the DVD/video (in italics).
Director’s initial/s. surname/s. Material type, either [DVD] or [Video] Place of distribution: Distribution Company.
Altman, R. and Tonkin, M. (2001) ‘Film commentary.’ The Player. Directed by R. Altman. [DVD] USA: Pathė.
When citing information from an interview with a film director that you have viewed on a DVD/video, you will need to use the surname/s of the interviewee/s and the year of the interview as follows:
(NB: Also see instruction on citing three or more authors).
The surname/s of the interviewee/s and the year of the interview.
In an interview about The Matrix Reloaded, the director expressed… (Wachowski, 2003)
To quote directly you need to include the time at which the words were spoken in the DVD/video.
‘When making the film The Matrix Reloaded…’ (Wachowski, 2003:3mins 22)
When referencing an interview with a film director that you have viewed on a DVD/video, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Interviewee’s Surname/s, Initial/s. (Year) ‘Title of interview.’ Interviewed by interviewer’s initial/s. surname. Title of the DVD/video (in italics). Director’s initial/s. surname/s. Material type, either [DVD] or [Video] Place of distribution: Distribution Company.
Wachowski, A. (2003) ‘Interview with A. Wachowski.’ Interviewed by L. Jones. The Matrix Reloaded. Directed by A. and L. Wachowski. [DVD] Los Angeles: Warner Brothers Inc.
When citing from documentaries found on DVDs/videos you should present the information as shown in the section on: Citing films/DVDs/videos.
When referencing a documentary that was viewed as an extra feature on a DVD/video, you should
provide the following information in the format displayed below:
‘Title of documentary.’ (Year) Produced by producer’s initial/s. surname/s. Title of DVD/video (in italics). Director’s initial/s. surname/s. Material type, either [DVD] or [Video] Place of distribution: Distribution Company.
‘Hitchcock: the early years.’ (2001) Produced by D. Lemon. The 39 Steps. Directed by A. Hitchcock. [DVD] UK: Carlton Visual.
When citing films accessed online, the information should be presented as shown in the section on:
Citing Films/DVDs/Videos.
When referencing a film accessed online, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Title of the Film (in italics). (Year of production) Director’s initial/s. surname/s. [Online] Available through (name of online provider). [Date accessed]
Slumdog Millionaire. (2008) Directed by D. Boyle. and L. Tandan. [Online] Available through Netflix. [Accessed on 3rd October 2013]
12 Years a Slave. (2016) Directed by S. McQueen. [Online] Available through Box of Broadcasts. [Accessed on 25th June 2020]
When citing foreign language articles or books by paraphrasing or using direct quotes, the information will be presented as shown previously.
Key points:
When referencing foreign language sources, you should provide the following information in the
format displayed below:
Author’s surname/s, initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of book (in italics). (English translation of
title.) Place of publication: Publisher.
Sand, G. (1932) Histoire de ma vie. (History of my life.) Paris: Calmann-Levy.
Author’s surname/s, initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of journal article.’ (English translation of journal article.) Title of journal (in italics), Volume number(Issue number) first and last page numbers of whole journal article.
Kamp, K. (2010) ‘Entre el trabajo y el juego: perspectivas sobre la infancia en el suroeste norteamericano.’ (Work and play: perspectives on children in the American Southwest.) Complutum, 21(2) pp. 103-120.
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article.’ (English translation of article
title.) Title of newspaper (in italics). [Online] Date of publication. [Date accessed] URL
El País. (2015) ‘La Semana Santa con más turistas de los últimos ocho años.’ (The Holy Week with the most tourists in the past eight years.) El País. [Online] 7th April. [Accessed on 19th December 2017] https://elpais.com/ccaa/2015/04/07/andalucia/1428434394_012889.html
When citing general reports by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be presented as shown previously.
Key points:
When referencing a report that is not a market or annual report, you should provide the following
information in the format displayed below:
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. or Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title of report (in
italics). Place of publication: Publisher. (Report code and number)
Lowden, K., Hall, S., Elliot, D. and Lewin, J. (2011) Employers’ perceptions of the employability skills of new graduates. London: Edge Foundation.
ECOTEC. (2003) Guidance on mapping social enterprise: final report to the DTI Social Enterprise Unit. London: ECOTEC Research and Consulting Ltd. (C2453)
NB: If the report you are using is a PDF you have located online, please see section for 'Online PDF document'. If you want to reference a report that is not a market or annual report that you have found on the internet, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. or Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title of report (in
italics). [Online] [Date accessed] URL
RIBA. (2011) Good design – it all adds up. [Online][Accessed on 24th April 2012] http://www.architecture.com/Files/RIBAHoldings/PolicyAndInternationalRelations/Policy/Goodde signitalladdsup.pdf
Command papers include: White Papers, which present a statement of the government’s policy and Green Papers, which are discussion papers or reports that are presented to the Royal commission or departmental committees. It is also useful to know that sometimes the word ‘command’, on command papers and in some reference lists may be abbreviated to ‘Cmnd’, ‘Cmd’, ‘Cd’, ‘Cm’, or ‘CP’.
When citing a command paper you can use the name of the government department /organisation for which the publication was produced. Sometimes the chairperson’s name is used for the name of the report, if this is commonly known, but you still need to include the name of the government department/organisation, as shown in the examples below.
The name of the department must be written in full when you first refer to it in your work, followed by the acronym in brackets. The acronym can then be used for subsequent mentions of the department, as shown below:
(The Department of Education and Science [DES], 1985) claims that…
…as stated by the DES (1985) in their paper.
The Swann Report (Department of Education and Science [DES], 1985) has found that…
…as highlighted by the Swann Report (DES, 1985)
When citing a direct quote from a command paper, you need to provide the chairperson’s name and/or the name of the department, the year followed by the page number:
The Swann Report (DES, 1985:399) highlights that terminology was already shifting and ‘…some educationists now talk of home and/or community or national languages rather than mother tongues’.
Key points:
Taking the above into account, when referencing a command paper, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Government department/organisation for which the publication was produced. (Year of publication) Title (in italics). The word or an abbreviation of the word ‘Command’. Official reference number if there is one, place of publication: Publisher (Name of chairperson if there is one and the word Report)
Department of Education and Science. (1985) Education for all: report of the committee of inquiry into the education of children from ethnic minority groups. Cmnd. 9453, London: HMSO. (Swann Report) Department of Trade and Industry. (2005) Our energy future: creating a low carbon economy. Cmnd. 5761, London: TSO.
When citing guest presentations by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be
presented as shown previously.
Please note that it is the presenter’s surname/s you will use.
To quote directly, you will need to use the presenter’s surname/s, the year and the word presentation, in the format shown in the example below:
And Jones (2012:presentation) prophetically stated that ‘…the two departments would merge by
April this year’.
When referencing information from a guest seminar/lecture/presentation, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of presentation) Title of lecture. Name of institution where the presentation has taken place, city of presentation, date of presentation.
Jones, R. (2012) The future of IT and Library Services. Presentation at Wessex University, Wessex,
10th January.
When using an illustration from a source, you will have to refer to it three times within your work: a caption underneath the illustration; a citation within the main body of your text to explain why you have included the illustration in your work; and an entry in your reference list.
You will usually have to give the illustration a title; this can be your own words or quoted from the original text. As these types of illustrations are exact reproductions (i.e. treated as a direct quote) you will always need a page number (or the word online for sources without a page number, such as sources found online).
NB: When using tables in your work, the caption should state Table #. For all other illustrations
use Figure #.
Figure # (in italics): title of illustration (Source: Author, year: page number or online)
Figure 1: Data showing water usage in the North West 2010-2013 (Source: Defra, 2014:online).
Figure 1 showing water usage in the North West from 2010 to 2013 (Defra, 2014:online)
demonstrates…
The reference will depend on the type of source you have used. Please refer to the relevant section depending on whether you have used a book, webpage, journal article etc. For a Work of Art reproduced in a book, see the entry for ‘Reproduction in a book’ under the Works of Art section.
When citing journal articles by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be presented as shown previously.
PLEASE NOTE: In most cases, an electronic journal article is referenced in the same way as a print copy of the article. This is because most electronic journals are simply scanned copies of the print version. However, there are exceptions to this, please see online journal section below.
Key points:
Taking the above into account, when referencing a journal article, you should provide the following
information in the format displayed below:
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of journal article.’ Title of journal (in italics), Volume number(Issue number) first and last page numbers of whole journal article.
Mar, R., DeYoung, C., Higgins, D. and Peterson, J. (2006) ‘Self-liking and self-competence separate self-evaluation from self-deception: associations with personality, ability, and achievement.’ Journal of Personality, 74(4) pp. 1047-1078.
Accountancy. (2009) ‘Innocent wants VAT relief on smoothies.’ Accountancy, 143(1389) p. 14.
Morven, F. and Cunnigham, J. (2019) 'Recruiting and retaining of indigenous probation officers: steps to creating diverse workplaces that reflect community cultures.' Equality, Diversity and Inclusion, 39(2) pp. 145-165.
Kitwood, T. (1988) ‘The technical, the personal, and the framing of dementia.’ Social Behaviour: An International Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 3, June, pp. 83-91.
Income Data Services. (2008) 'Establishing an employer brand.' IDS HR Studies, (872) June, pp. 2-8.
As mentioned above, in most cases, an electronic journal article is referenced in the same way as a print copy of the article. This is because most electronic journals are simply scanned copies of the print version. However, there are exceptions to this where articles are only available online, or, appear online ahead of the print publication. If this is the case, you will be required to format the reference differently to a print journal article, using slightly different or additional elements for the full reference. This is in order to provide sufficient information so that others can find the same article.
General rules:
It is important to indicate, when referencing a journal article that appears online ahead of the print publication, that this is the case. This is because when the article is assigned to a print issue at a later date, the publication date details will change. Publishers may refer to these articles as ‘first online’, ‘online first’, ‘early view’, ‘article in press’ or ‘provisional article’ (this specific terminology should be included in the reference – see below) and at the time of access may not have volume, issue or page number details.
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of journal article.’ Title of journal (in italics). [Online] ‘First online’ (or publisher’s terminology) online publication date. [Access date] DOI: number
Watkins, L., Kuhn, M., Ledbetter-Cho, K., Gevarter, C. and O’Reilly, M. (2015) ‘Evidence-based social communication interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder.’ The Indian Journal of Pediatrics. [Online] ‘First online’ published 19th November 2015. [Accessed on 16th May 2016] DOI: 10.1007/s12098-015-1938-5
Some journal titles are only published online and are not available in print format. As such, often they do not have the same details as print journal articles, for example no issue number. If this is the case and other details are provided, such as an article number, include this instead as in the
first example below.
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of journal article.’ Title of journal (in italics), Volume number(Issue number) or Volume number:article number first and last page numbers of whole journal article (if applicable). [Online] [Access date] DOI: or URL
McCulloch, P. F., Warren, E. A. and DiNovo, K. M. (2016) ‘Repetitive diving in trained rats still increases Fos production in brainstem neurons after bilateral sectioning of the anterior ethmoidal nerve.’ Frontiers in Physiology, 7:148, pp. 1-12. [Online] [Accessed on 26th April 2016] DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00148
McMahon, C. R. (1997) ‘Hysterical academies: Lacan's theory of the four discourses.’ Internet Journal of Language, Culture and Society, 2, pp. 1-19. [Online] [Accessed on 12th January 2016] http://www.anialian.com/Hysterical_Academies.htm
Preprint journal articles have been accepted by the journal editorial team but have not been assigned to an issue, or, published online on the journal website. These articles can appear on preprint websites.
For articles on preprint websites, that have not been accepted by a journal, see the section on Preprint articles.
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of journal article.’ Title of journal (in italics). Preprint Date (month and year) [Online] [Access date] DOI: number or URL
Fezzi, C. and Fanghella, V. (2020) ‘Real-time estimation of the short-run impact of COVID-19 on economic activity using electricity market data.’ Environmental and Resource Economics. Preprint July 2020. [Accessed on 23th July 2020] https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.03477
Key Points:
When citing and referencing a whole journal issue, use the editor/s name in place of the author/s
name.
When citing from a special issue of a journal the information will be presented as shown previously, using the editor’s name/s in place of the author/s name, as shown in the referencing example below.
When referencing a journal, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Editor’s surname/s, initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of issue.’ [Special issue] Title of Journal (in italics), volume number(issue number).
Gimson, A. (ed.) (2012) ‘Nurturing creativity & innovation.’ [Special issue] Development and Learning in Organizations: an International Journal, 26(6).
PLEASE NOTE: Please check with your programme team to clarify the suitability of using these sources in your work, as they may not be an acceptable form of reference for some programmes.
When citing leaflets or posters the information will be presented as shown previously. If there is no creator’s name on the item use the organisation’s name that produced it.
If there is no publisher information provided, state the location the source was viewed (to replace the place of publication) and the date it was viewed (to replace the publisher), as shown in the second example below.
Taking the above into account, when referencing leaflets or posters, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. or Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title or description (in italics). [Type of source e.g. leaflet or poster] Place of publication if available or location the medium was viewed: Publisher if available or date the information was viewed.
Counselling Service. (no date) Need to talk? [Leaflet] Manchester: Manchester Metropolitan University.
The National Student Survey. (no date) Be heard. [Poster] Reception area, Gaskell campus: Date viewed 29th January 2013.
If an author or organisation’s name is not present you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Description of the source (in italics). (Year of publication) [Type of source e.g. leaflet, poster] Place of publication if available or location the medium was viewed: Publisher if available or date the information was viewed.
The Foyer-UNIAID accommodation bursaries. (2009) [Poster] Student services notice board, Didsbury campus: Date viewed 9th February 2009.
PLEASE NOTE: Citing and referencing information from lecture notes is not recommended by certain courses. Please check with your programme team to clarify whether this is acceptable practice before you use this source.
When citing lecture notes by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be presented as shown previously.
Key points:
Taking the above into account, when referencing lecture notes, you should provide the following
information in the format displayed below:
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of production) Title of the lecture notes (in italics). Place of publication: Publisher. Number of pages in handout, distribution date, the lecture number, module name.
Patel, H., Shields, E. and Inala, P. (2011) Using Harvard referencing to reference online sources. Manchester: Manchester Metropolitan University. 2-page handout, distributed on 15th March 2011.
Robinson, J. (2004) No title. Wolverhampton: University of Wolverhampton. 3-page handout,distributed on 13th March 2005 in lecture 3 for module ‘Teaching gymnastics’.
When citing magazine articles by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be
presented as shown previously.
In most instances, magazine articles are referenced as journal articles. Like journal articles, magazine articles that are accessed online and are also available in print are referenced in the same way as the print copy.
Key points
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article.’ Title of magazine (in italics),
Volume number(Issue number) first and last page numbers of whole article.
Baker, S. (2000) ‘Wall Street darling to become the next billion-dollar baby.’ Apparel Industry
Magazine, 61(12) p. 10.
Freud, E. (2019) 'In at the deep end.' Vogue, June, pp. 80-81.
Online magazines articles are published on the magazine’s website only and are not available in print issues. Volume and issue numbers are therefore not specified.
For online magazine articles, follow the format for an Online newspaper article, as below.
Key points
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article.’ Title of magazine (in italics).[Online] Date of publication. [Date accessed] URL
Okwodu, J. (2017) ‘Was Fall 2017 the season curves conquered the runways?’ Vogue. [Online] 6th March. [Accessed on 22nd March 2018] http://www.vogue.com/article/curve-models-fall-2017-runways-size-diversity-in-fashion
When citing market reports by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be presented as shown on previously.
When referencing market reports, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Name of research company or organisation. (Year of publication) Title of report (in italics). Date of report (month and year- if available). Edition if applicable., Place of publication: Publisher.
Mintel. (2012) Coffee shops: UK. February 2012. London: Mintel Group.
Key points:
Taking the above into account, when referencing a market report that you have accessed from an online database (such as Mintel), you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Name of research company or organisation. (Year of publication) Title of report (in italics). Date of report (month and year- if available). [Online] [Date accessed] URL
Examples
Mintel. (2012) Coffee shops: UK. February 2012. [Online] [Accessed on 14th April 2012] http://academic.mintel.com
Marketline. (2012) Adidas AG. October 2015. [Online] [Accessed on 1st October 2016] http://search.ebscohost.com.mmu.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=dmhco&AN=ABC57279- 4FF3-4592-A48C-17D2E6B59C0F&site=ehost-live
Euromonitor International. (2017) Apparel and footwear in the United Kingdom. January 2017. [Online] [Accessed on 5th January 2018] http://www.portal.euromonitor.com.ezproxy.mmu.ac.uk/portal/analysis/tab
When citing newspaper articles by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be
presented as shown previously.
Key points:
Taking the above into account, when referencing a print copy of a newspaper, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article.’ Name of newspaper (in italics). Name of supplement if applicable. Date of publication. Edition if applicable, Page number of article.
Moore, S. (2007) ‘Careers are calling.’ Manchester Evening News. MEN job search supplement. 18th January. City edition, p. 3.
Travis, A. and Topham, G. (2012) ‘Airlines raise pressure to relax border controls.’ The Guardian. 24th April. p. 8.
When referencing a newspaper article that you have found online, you need to put the information in the following format:
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article.’ Name of newspaper (in italics). [Online] Date of publication. [Date accessed] URL
Arthur, C. (2012) ‘YouTube loses music clip copyright battle in court.’ The Guardian. [Online] 24th April. [Accessed on 24th April 2012] http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2012/apr/20/youtubemusic-clip-copyright-court
The Guardian. (2020) ‘LGBT+ marches from London to New York call for end to racism.’ The Guardian. [Online] 27th June. [Accessed on 3rd July 2020] https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/27/lgbt-marches-from-london-to-new-york-callfor-end-to-racism
When citing from an online audio source, the information will be presented as shown previously. However, instead of the author’s surname/s you should use the creator’s surname/s or the organisation’s name. The creator/owner of the video and the year.
(UCL Institute of Education, 2018)
To quote directly you need the time at which the words were spoken within the video
(UCL Institute of Education, 2018:6 mins 23)
Sometimes when citing from an online video you are not citing the owner/creator of the source. Instead, you may be citing someone else speaking in the video. In this instance you need to present your citation differently, including introducing the ‘speaker/s’ name in your writing. Please refer to
the FAQ on the online version of this guide ‘Citing someone who is not the author of the source’ for further instruction.
When referencing an online audio, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Owner/creator surname, initial/s. (Year of publication) Title (in italics). Name of organisation (if different to owner/creator). [Online audio] [Date accessed] URL
UCL Institute of Education. (2018) What if… we really wanted to support schools facing the greatest challenge? [Online audio] [Accessed on 12th April 2018] https://soundcloud.com/ioelondon/whatif-we-really-wanted-to-support-schools-facing-the-greatest-challenge
For an online audio source that is an episode as part of a series, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Owner/creator surname, initial/s. (Year of publication) 'Title of episode.' Title (in italics). Name of organisation (if different to owner/creator). [Online audio] [Date accessed] URL
Mad in America. (2017) 'Lucy Johnstone: the power threat meaning framework.' Mad in America: science, psychiatry and social justice. [Online audio] [Accessed on 29th November 2018] https://itunes.apple.com/gb/podcast/mad-in-america-science-psychiatry-and-socialjustice/id1212789850?mt=2&i=1000404875126
When citing images the information will be presented as shown previously. However, instead of the author’s surname/s you will use the creator’s surname/s or the organisation’s name. NB: Also see the section on Illustrations for further instruction on using online images or photos in your work.
Key points:
Taking the above into account, when referencing an online image or photo, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. OR name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title of image or description of image (in italics). Name of organisation (if not already stated). [Online image] [Date accessed] URL
Allison, C. (2007) Tornado picture. Oklahoma weather stock: photo and video stock by Charles Allison. [Online image] [Accessed on 16th February 2009] http://www.oklahomalightning.com/TornadoPics/TornadoPics.htm
Oxford Illustrated Science Encyclopaedia. (no date) Volcano. [Online image] [Accessed on 16th February 2009] http://www.oup.co.uk/oxed/children/oise/pictures/earth/volcano/
PLEASE NOTE: This referencing format should NOT be used to reference journal articles that have been found on electronic databases. Electronic journal articles should be referenced in the same way as paper copies; see section on ‘journal articles’.
When citing PDF documents by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be presented as shown previously.
Key points:
- if the place of publication is not provided use: Unknown place of publication.
- if the publisher information is not provided use: Unknown publisher.
Taking the above into account, when referencing a PDF document, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. or Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title (in italics). Edition if applicable., Place of publication if available: Publisher if ascertainable. [Online] [Date accessed] URL
Department for Education. (2014) The national curriculum in England: framework document. Unknown place of publication: Department for Education. [Online] [Accessed on 28th September 2017] https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file
/381344/Master_final_national_curriculum_28_Nov.pdf
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2011) Alcohol-use disorders: diagnosis, assessment and management of harmful drinking and alcohol dependence. CG115. Manchester: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. [Online] [Accessed on 4th January 2017]
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg115/resources/alcoholuse-disorders-diagnosis-assessmentand-management-of-harmful-drinking-and-alcohol-dependence-pdf-35109391116229
The Office for Standards in Education, Children’s Services and Skills. (2015) The framework for the inspection of local authority arrangements for supporting school improvement. Manchester: The Office for Standards in Education, Children’s Services and Skills. [Online] [Accessed on 27th
February 2018] https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/f
ile/462244/Framework_for_the_inspection_of_local_authority_arrangements_for_supporting_sc
hool_improvement.pdf
When citing from a chapter in an Online PDF documents, by paraphrasing or using direct quotes, cite the chapter author/s and follow the guidance as shown on previously.
Surname of the author/s who wrote the chapter, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of the chapter.’ In (in italics) Surname of the editor/s, Initial/s. (ed/s.) Title (in italics). Edition if applicable. Place of publication if ascertainable: Publisher, first and last page numbers of the chapter. [Online] [Date accessed] URL
Stansfeld, S., Clark, C., Bebbington, P., King, M., Jenkins, R. and Hinchliffe, S. (2016) ‘Common mental disorders.’ In McManus, S., Bebbington, P., Jenkins, R. and Brugha, T. (eds.) Mental health and wellbeing in England: adult psychiatric morbidity survey 2014. Leeds: NHS Digital, pp. 37-68. [Online] [Accessed on 28th November 2017] https://files.digital.nhs.uk/pdf/q/3/mental_health_and_wellbeing_in_england_full_report.pdf
Sometimes when citing from an online video you are not citing the owner/creator of the source. Instead, you may be citing someone else speaking in the video. In this instance you need to present your citation differently, including introducing the ‘speaker/s’ name in your writing. Please refer to the FAQ on the online version of this guide ‘Citing someone who is not the author of the source’ for further instruction. When citing videos that have been found online such as YouTube videos, and you are citing the creator/owner, you will need to cite the information as follows: The creator/owner of the video and the year.
The video (MMU Library Services, 2014) briefly illustrates how to avoid…
To quote directly you need the time at which the words were spoken within the video
‘…we have the most extraordinary power to change lives with music and to involve people in music’ (TEDx Talks, 2001:1min 49).
When referencing an online video, for example a YouTube video, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Owner/creator. (Year) Title. (in italics) [Online video] [Date accessed] URL
MMU Library Services. (2014) How to Avoid Plagiarism. [Online video] [Accessed on 10th June 2014] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IicBnQl2czM
TEDx Talks. (2001) TEDxSydney: Richard Gill – The Value of Music Education. [Online video] [Accessed on 27th October 2016] https://www.youtube.com/wdatch?v=HeRus3NVbwE
When citing a parliamentary debate, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
(Abbreviation for House and Debate Date of debate)
(HC Deb 9th December 2015)
When referencing a parliamentary debate (print copy), you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Abbreviation for House and Debate Date of debate, Volume number, Column number.
HC Deb 9th December 2015, 603, col. 998.
Abbreviation for House and Debate Date of debate, Volume number, Column number. [Online] [Access date] URL
HC Deb 9th December 2015, 603, col. 998. [Online] [Accessed on 23rd February 2017] https://hansard.digiminster.com/Commons/2015-12-09/debates/15120945000001/MentalHealth
When citing a parliamentary paper found online, by paraphrasing or using direct quotes, the information will be presented as shown previously.
Key points:
Taking the above into account, when referencing parliamentary papers found online, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Author surname/s, initial/s. or, Name of body/committee. (Year) Title of paper/report (in italics). Paper reference number. Place of publication: Publisher. [Online] [Date accessed] URL
Redfern, M., Keeling, J. and Powell, E. (2001) The Royal Liverpool Children’s Inquiry report. HC12-II. London: TSO. [Online] [Accessed on 21st March 2017] https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/250934/0012_ii.pdf
House of Commons Education Select Committee. (2010) The responsibilities of the Secretary of State: oral and written evidence taken before the Education Committee on the 28th July 2010. HC 395-i. London: TSO. [Online] [Accessed on 27th February 2017] https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmselect/cmeduc/395-i/395i.pdf
When citing a Patent, by paraphrasing or using direct quotes, the information will be presented as shown previously.
Applicant of patent. (Year) Title of patent (in italics). Name of inventor/s (if different to applicant).Official patent series Patent Serial Number.
SkyBell Technologies, Inc. (2015) Doorbell security and safety. Invented by Joseph Frank Scalisi.United States Patent 9,060,103 B2
When citing from a play by paraphrasing, the information will be presented as shown below:
The Playwright’s surname and the year the play was written or the year of the edition/reprint.
(Churchill, 1994)
(Shakespeare, 1995)
Playwright’s surname, the year the play was written, or the year of the edition/reprint:act number (in Roman numerals).scene number.line number/s. If the script is not presented with act, scene and line numbers, use the page number, as shown in the second example below.
(Shakespeare, 1995:I.4.12)
(Churchill, 1994:6)
If you are discussing more than one play by the same playwright, if appropriate, introduce the title of the play (in italics) in your writing when you first mention it, and cite as above. Subsequent citations can then include the title of the play.
(Twelfth Night:I.4.12)
(The Skriker:6)
When referencing a play, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Author, Initial/s. (Year of the edition) Title of play (in italics). Editor’s surname/s, initial/s. (ed/s.) if applicable. Edition if applicable., Place of publication: Publisher.
Shakespeare, W. (1995)Twelfth Night. Warren, R. and Wells, T. (eds.) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Churchill, C. (1994) The Skriker. London: Nick Hern Books.
When citing a preprint article, by paraphrasing or using direct quotes, the information will be presented as shown previously.
When referencing preprint articles, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Author/s surname, initial/s. (Year) Title of article (in italics). Preprint date (month and year). [Online] [Accessed date] URL
Christensen, T. M. (2020) Existence and uniqueness of recursive utilities without boundedness. Preprint July 2020. [Online] [Accessed on 1st August 2020] https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.00963
When citing a press release, by paraphrasing or using direct quotes, the information will be presented as shown previously.
Name of organisation/body/office. (Year of publication) Title of page (in italics). Date of press release (day and month), press release number (if available). Organisational department (if different to author). [Online] [Date accessed] URL
Office of Public Affairs. (2015) Nine FIFA officials and five corporate executives indicted for racketeering conspiracy and corruption. 27th May, press release no. 15-677. Department of Justice, US. [Online] [Accessed on 8th November 2017] https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/nine-fifa-officialsand-five-corporate-executives-indicted-racketeering-conspiracy-and
Natural England. (2016) England's largest outdoor learning project reveals children more motivated to learn when outside. 14th July. [Online] [Accessed on 26th May 2020] https://www.gov.uk/government/news/englands-largest-outdoor-learning-project-revealschildren-more-motivated-to-learn-when-outside
To cite a religious text you would do so as follows, whether or not it is a direct quote or paraphrased:
Name of religious text, Book, text marker e.g. chapter and verse.
…is a Bible quote often stated (John, 3:16).
…is a tenet of the faith (The Koran, The Cow, 2:238)
A powerful affirmation is found in the Torah (Devarim, 4:35)…
When referencing religious texts, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Full title of text, including sub-title (in italics). (Year of publication) Place of publication: Publisher.
The Bible: authorized King James version. (2008) Oxford: Oxford Paperbacks.
The Torah: the Five Books of Moses: pocket edition. (2000) Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society.
PLEASE NOTE: Secondary sources are authors who have been cited in the book/journal etc. that you have read but whose original work you have not read.
When citing within the text you need to include the surname of the author whose idea you are using and the surname of the author of the book/journal from which you found the information. Surname of author/s you are citing and the year of the source it was originally published, the surname of the author/s of the source in which you have found the information and the year of the publication in which you have found it.
Extract taken from the book by Whitehead and Mason (2003:186):
A better way of appreciating the skills of reflective practice is to use Burns and Bulman’s (2000) framework. This involves a five-element scheme for reflection in which the first is selfawareness. Self-awareness is important for many walks of life and it is vital in nursing.
If you wanted to mention Burns and Bulman’s framework based on the information you have read in Whitehead and Mason’s book you would cite the authors as follows:
Burns and Bulman (2000, cited in Whitehead and Mason, 2003) have developed a 5 step framework for reflection. The first stage of this framework focuses on self-awareness.
In the above example you have shown that you are using Burns and Bulman’s (2000) framework on reflection in your assignment. However, because you did not find this information from the original paper by Burns and Bulman that was published in 2000, you have made it clear that the information was found in Whitehead and Mason’s book which was published in 2003.
When quoting information in your assignment you might want to use the same direct quote that the author of the book/journal etc. used. For example:
The following information was taken from Mander (2009) on page 118. The information was presented as a direct quote from an original source:
‘Weeping alone is painful. Grief is most powerfully eased when it can be shared’ (Carmichael, 1991:107).
If you want to use this quote in your assignment you will not use the page number that is presented next to Carmichael’s name i.e. 107. Instead you will need to present the page number of the source that you found the information from i.e. 118.
Dealing with the loss of a loved one can be difficult, especially when an individual is grieving alone. Sharing this grief can help alleviate the distress according to Carmichael (1991, cited in Mander, 2009:118) who argued that ‘weeping alone is painful. Grief is most powerfully eased when it can be shared’.
You may wish to quote the work of a secondary author whose work has been paraphrased. For example:
The following information was taken from Mander (2009) on page 118. The information was not a direct quote, but was instead presented in Mander’s own words: In their Turkish-based survey to identify factors associated with crying, Kukullu and Keser (2006) demonstrated that crying is culturally-influenced, even culturally-determined.
Mourning the loss of a loved one has been found to be ‘…culturally-influenced, even culturallydetermined’ according to Kukullu and Keser (2006, cited in Mander, 2009:118).
Key points:
In your reference list, you only need to reference the original source you used. If you used Burns and Bulman’s idea in your assignment, but did not find this information from the original source and instead found the information in Whitehead and Mason’s book, you need to reference Whitehead and Mason’s book.
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of book (in italics). Edition if applicable., Place of publication: Publisher.
Whitehead, E. and Mason, T. (2003) Study skills for nurses. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
If Whitehead and Mason’s publication was a journal then you would reference the information as a journal.
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of journal article.’ Title of journal (in italics), Volume number (Issue number) Page numbers of whole journal article.
Whitehead, E. and Mason, T. (2003) ‘Study skills for nurses.’ Social Science and Medicine, 58(2) pp. 369-378.
When citing software, by paraphrasing or using direct quotes, the information should be presented
as shown below:
The name of the software developer or owner and the year the software was released.
(IBM Corporation, 2016)
(IBM Corporation, 2016: online)
When referencing software, you should provide the following information in the format displayed
below:
Software developer/owner. (Year of release) Title of software (in italics). Version/edition number. [Software] Place of publication/production: Publisher. [Access date] download URL if available
IBM Corporation. (2016) SPSS Statistics. Version 24. [Software] New York: IBM Corporation. [Accessed on 30th March 2017]
When citing from a song, by paraphrasing or using a direct quotes, the information should be presented as shown below:
The artist, and the year the song was released.
In the song Imagine (Lennon, 1971) …
When referencing a song from a single, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Artist’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of release) ‘Title of song.’ Title of single (in italics). [format, medium] Location of record label: Record label.
Lennon, J. (1971) ‘Working class hero.’ Imagine. [single, vinyl record] UK: Apple.
When referencing a song from an album, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Artist’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of release) ‘Title of song.’ Title of album (in italics). [format, medium] Location of record label: Record label.
Lennon, J. (1971) ‘Imagine.’ Imagine. [album, vinyl record] UK: Apple.
When referencing an album, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Artist’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of release) Title of album (in italics). [format, medium] Location of record label: Record label.
Lennon, J. (1971) Imagine. [album, CD] UK: Apple.
When referencing a song accessed online, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Artist’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of release) ‘Title of song.’ Title of album (in italics). [Online] Available through (online provider). [Access date]
Lennon, J. (1971) ‘Imagine.’ Imagine. [Online] Available through Spotify. [Accessed 4th September 2019]
Check the relevant reference type in this guide for instruction on what to use when no author’s name is provided on the source. In many cases the organisation’s name is used in place of the author, for example, for online sources such as webpages. In some instances the publication title is used in place of the author, for example journal articles and newspaper articles, where no author/reporter’s name is present.
Where ‘Anon’ or ‘Anonymous’ are clearly stated on the source of information, use this in place of the author.
Anonymous. (1996) Primary colors: a novel of politics. New York: Vintage.
There may be rare instances where no author’s name is present, the information was not produced by an organisation, the reference type does not specify using the publication title in place of the author, or Anon/Anonymous is not clearly stated on the source. You may come across this in both printed and online sources. In these instances, you should state ‘Author unknown’ in place of the author.
When citing a speech by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be presented as shown previously, using the speaker/s name in the citation.
When referencing a speech, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below. You also need to consult the relevant section of the guide and follow the reference format for the source in which the speech was located.
Key points:
Surname of speaker, initial/s. (Year of speech) ‘Title of speech.’ Location Delivered, Date Delivered. [Format] In Source in which speech was located.
Hancock, M. (2018) ‘Leadership within the NHS.’ Leaders in healthcare conference, 15th November. [Transcript] In Department of Health and Social Care. Speech: leadership within the NHS. [Online] [Accessed on 23rd April 2020] https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/leadership-within-thenhs
Thunberg, G. (2019) ‘You did not act in time.’ Houses of Parliament, 23rd April. [Transcript] In The Guardian. ‘‘You did not act in time': Greta Thunberg's full speech to MPs.’ The Guardian. [Online] 23th April. [Accessed on 25th April 2019]
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/apr/23/greta-thunberg-full-speech-to-mps-youdid-not-act-in-time
Thunberg, G. (2019) ‘You did not act in time.’ Houses of Parliament, 23rd April. [Online video] In WWF UK. Greta Thunberg full speech to UK Parliament: climate strikes. [Online video] [Accessed on 21st February 2020] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rYNM4rsnNFM
When citing standards by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be presented as shown previously.
When referencing a Standard, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Name of authorising organisation. (Year of Publication) Identifying letters and numbers and full title of Standard (in italics). Place of publication: Publisher.
British Standards Institution. (2008) BS 9999:2008 Code of practice for fire safety in the design, management and use of buildings. Milton Keynes: BSI.
Name of authorising organisation. (Year of Publication) Identifying letters and numbers and full title of Standard (in italics). Place of publication: Publisher. [Online] [Date accessed] URL
British Standards Institution. (2008) BS 9999:2008 Code of practice for fire safety in the design, management and use of buildings. London: BSI. [Online] [Accessed on August 11th 2015] https://bsol-bsigroup-com.ezproxy.mmu.ac.uk/
When citing Statutory Instruments in the main text of an assignment you must write in full, the short title of the SI and the year.
PLEASE NOTE: Unlike for other citation formats the year of publication does not need to be placed in brackets as this forms part of the title of the Statutory Instrument (with exception of direct quotes, see below).
Short title of the SI and the Year
According to the 2014 Food Information Regulations, there are….
When citing a direct quote from a Statutory Instrument, write the full short title of the SI and the year, followed by the page number written in brackets.
The Food Regulations 2014 (2014:28) amends aspects of The Food Labelling Regulations 1996 by clarifying the description alcohol-free. Labelling must now indicate, ‘its maximum alcoholic strength and the symbol % vol.’ or, ‘in an appropriate case, an indication that it contains no
alcohol’.
When referencing a Statutory Instrument, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
PLEASE NOTE: Unlike for other reference types the year of publication does not need to be placed in brackets as this forms part of the title of the Act (with exception of direct quotes, see below).
Short title of the SI and Year. (SI number) Place of publication: Publisher.
The Food Information Regulations 2014. (SI 1855) Norwich: TSO.
When citing systematic reviews by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be presented as shown previously.
When referencing systematic reviews, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of review) ‘Title of review.’ Title of database (in italics), issue number:article number, first and last page numbers of review article. [Online] [Date accessed] URL
Michelessi, M and Lindsley, K. (2016) ‘Peripheral iridotomy for pigmentary glaucoma.’ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 2:CD005644, pp. 1-33. [Online] [Accessed on 7th April 2016] http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.mmu.ac.uk/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005655.pub2/pdf
Sometimes when citing from a television or radio broadcast you are not citing the creator of the broadcast. Instead, you may be citing someone else speaking in the broadcast. In this instance you need to present your citation differently, including introducing the ‘speaker/s’ name in your writing. Please refer to the FAQ on the online version of this guide ‘Citing someone who is not the author of the source’ for further instruction. When citing from a television or radio broadcast, about the content of the broadcast (rather than what someone has said, such as a character in the broadcast) you should use the following format: You must state the title and year when citing information taken from a broadcast. This can be either the title of the episode or the title of the programme, whichever is listed first in the reference. If the title of the broadcast is long, you need to use the full title the first time you refer to it in your assignment. However, the title can be abbreviated from then on, as in the first example below.
Hillsborough – how they buried the truth (Hillsborough, 2013) addressed the issue of…
Britain on Film (2013) examines…
To quote directly you need to include the time at which the words were spoken in the television or radio broadcast.
‘the glamorous world of fashion..’ (Britain on Film, 2013:8mins 22)
When referencing a television or radio broadcast, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
‘Title of episode.’ (if applicable) Title of series/programme. (Year) Medium, either [Television] or [Radio] Television or radio channel, time and date of broadcast.
For a film that has been broadcast on television, the Director of the film must also be included in the reference: (as in the third example below)
Title of film. (Year of production) Director. [Television] Television channel, time and date of broadcast.
‘Hillsborough – how they buried the truth.’ Panorama. (2013) [Television] BBC1, 21.00 20th May 2013.
‘Mark Kermode reviews The Great Gatsby.’ Kermode and Mayo’s Film Review. (2013) [Radio] UK: BBC R5live, 14:00 17th May 2013.
Slumdog Millionaire. (2008) Directed by D. Boyle. and L. Tandan. [Television] Channel 4, 21:25 4th December 2010.
‘Undercover: hate on the doorstep.’ Panorama. (2009) [Television] BBC News 24, 20:30 25th October 2009.
When referencing a television or radio broadcast accessed online, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
For television or radio broadcasts accessed online, state the medium as [Online] and also state the online provider and the date it was accessed:
‘Title of episode.’ (if applicable) Title of series/programme. (Year of production) [Online] Television or radio channel, time and date of broadcast. Available through (online provider). [Date accessed]
Britain on Film. (2013) [Online] BBC Four, 20.00 6th August 2013. Available through Box of Broadcasts. [Accessed 1st September 2013]
‘Undercover: hate on the doorstep.’ Panorama. (2009) [Online] BBC News 24, 20:30 25th October 2009. Available through Box of Broadcasts. [Accessed on 30th June 2020]
When citing a translated book by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be
presented as shown previously.
When referencing a translated book, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication of original work) Title of book (in italics). Translated by Initial/s. Surname of translator, year of translated publication. Place of publication: Publisher.
Siohan, R. (1959) Stravinsky. Translated by E. W. White, 1965. London: Calder and Boyars Ltd.
When referencing a translated book that has an editor, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication of original work) Title of book (in italics). Translated by Initial/s. Surname of translator, year of translated publication. Surname of editor/s, initial./s. (ed/s.) (Year if different to translated year) Place of publication: Publisher.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1934) Thought and language. Translated by E. Hanfmann and G. Vakar, 1962. Kozulin, A. (ed.) (2012) Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
When referencing a translated book with an introduction/section written by another author, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Surname of author/s who wrote introduction, initial/s. (Year of publication) 'Title of Introduction/section.' In (in italics) Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication of original work) Title of book (in italics). Translated by Initial/s. Surname of translator, year of translated publication. Place of publication: Publisher.
Thurman, J. (2010) ‘Introduction.’ In Beauvoir, S. de. (1949) The second sex. Translated by C. Borde and S. Malovany-Chevallier, 2010. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, pp. ix-xvi.
When referencing a translated journal article, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of journal article.’ Translated by Initial/s. Surname of translator, year of translated publication. Title of journal (in italics), Volume number(Issue number) first and last page numbers of whole journal article.
Bourdieu, P. (1988) ‘Vive la crise!: for heterodoxy in social science.’ Translated by L. J. D. Wacquant, 1987. Theory and Society, 17(5) pp. 773-787.
When citing UN documents by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be presented as shown previously. UN documents can include statements, resolutions, treaties (also known as agreements, conventions and protocols). Follow the format below, including the appropriate elements where available.
When referencing print UN documents, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Name of UN department/assembly/council. (Year) Title of document (in italics). Full date adopted/signed (if applicable), reference/resolution number (if applicable).
UN General Assembly. (1948) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 10th December 1948, A/RES/217(III).
When referencing online UN documents, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Name of UN department/assembly/council. (Year) Title of document (in italics). Full date adopted/signed (if applicable), reference/resolution number (if applicable). [Online] [Access date] URL
UN General Assembly. (1989) Convention on the Rights of the Child. 20th November 1989, RES/44/25. [Online] [Accessed on 2nd February 2017] http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/crc.pdf
When citing websites by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be presented as shown previously.
Please note that if the webpage has no date you use the wording ‘no date’, where you would usually write the year, to indicate this.
Key points:
The date (Day and Month) is required for blogs and social media posts, as shown in second and third example below.
Taking the above into account, when referencing a webpage, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of page (in italics). Date (Day and Month) the information was posted (if applicable/available). Name of organisation. [Online] [Date accessed] URL
Kerr, N. (2005) Happy slapping. Kidscape. [Online] [Accessed on 10th November 2011] http://www.kidscape.org.uk/press/pressdetail.asp?PressID=7
Lewis, D. (2013) 5 live investigates: business property tax avoidance costs taxpayers millions. 13th September. The BBC Radio 5 live blog. [Online] [Accessed on 16th September 2013] http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/5live/posts/5-live-Investigates-Business-tax-avoidance-coststaxpayers-millions
Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title of page (in italics). Date (Day and Month) the information was posted (if applicable/available). [Online] [Date accessed] URL
BBC News England @BBCEngland. (2013) Library book returned 59 years late. 4th September. BBC News. [Online] [Accessed on 6th September 2013] https://twitter.com/BBCEngland
BBC. (2009) Teenage obesity link to future MS. [Online] [Accessed on 13th January 2010] http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8342585.stm
When citing working papers by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be presented as shown previously.
When referencing working papers in print, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of paper (in italics). Organisation/Department name working paper number. Place of publication: Publisher.
Gilpin, N., Henty, S., Lemos, M., Portes, J. and Bullen, C. (2006) The impact of free movement of workers from Central and Eastern Europe on the UK labour market. Department for Work and Pensions Working Paper no. 29. Norwich: HMSO.
When referencing online working papers, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of paper (in italics). Organisation/Department name working paper number. Place of publication: Publisher. [Online] [Date accessed] URL
Gilpin, N., Henty, S., Lemos, M., Portes, J. and Bullen, C. (2006) The impact of free movement of workers from Central and Eastern Europe on the UK labour market. Department for Work and Pensions Working Paper no. 29. Norwich: HMSO. [Online] [Accessed on 3rd March 2016]
http://is.muni.cz/el/1456/jaro2006/PETPPZ/um/1293746/the_impact_of_free_movement_of_wo rkers_from_CEEC_on_UK_labou_market.pdf
To cite a work of art in your assignment you may include the title of the work and as well as the artist’s name and date of creation if these are important to the point you are making. Include the abbreviation c. if this is how the date is given in an exhibition catalogue or other source. This stands for “circa” and is used when the exact date of creation is not known by art historians. The artist’s surname/s and the year of production.
Tanguy is thought to have been inspired as an artist by Portrait of Apollinaire as a Premonition (de Chirico, c.1914).
When referencing works of art, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Artist’s surname/s, initial/s. (Year of production) Title (in italics). Medium, size, location of exhibition.
de Chirico, G. (c.1914) Portrait of Apollinaire as a Premonition. Oil on canvas, 81.5 x 65cm, National Museum of Modern Art, Pompidou Centre, Paris.
When citing works of art, the information should be presented as shown below:
The artist’s surname/s and the year of production.
On entering the gallery the viewer is confronted with this piece (Parker, 2007).
When referencing original works of art that are showing in a temporary exhibition, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Artist’s surname/s, initial/s. (Year of production) Title (in italics). Medium, Size (if given), at: Location of exhibition. Dates of exhibition.
Parker, C. (2007) Bullet Drawing. Lead from a bullet drawn into wire, at: Whitechapel Laboratory, Whitechapel Art Gallery. 13th February–30th March 2008.
To cite and reference a whole exhibition there needs to be attribution to the artist or curator (if different pieces). When citing a whole art exhibition the information should be presented as shown below:
Note: If a curator's name is not evident, use the exhibition title in place of artist or curator.
The artist’s/curator surname/s and the year of production.
The different individual pieces complimented one another to bring together a fuller understanding of warfare, human life and the environment (Carden-Coyne, 2014).
When referencing a whole art exhibition you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Note: If a curator's name is not evident, use the exhibition title in italics in place of artist /curator. Artist/curator surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of exhibition) Title of exhibition (in italics). Location of exhibition. Dates of exhibition.
Carden-Coyne, A. (2014) The sensory war 1914-2014. Exhibition at the Manchester Art Gallery, Manchester. 11th October 2014 to 22nd February 2015.
When citing a work of art reproduced in another source, the information should be presented as shown below:
The artist, the year the work was produced, the author and date of the source and the page number (or, online in place of the page number for online sources without page numbers, as in the second example below).
Klee (1929) in Partsch (2000:47) can be seen to have used…
(Hicks, 1862 in Art UK, no date:online)
When referencing a reproduction in a book, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Artist’s surname/s, initial/s. (Year of production) ‘Title of work.’ Medium, Size (if given). In: Author/Editor. (Year of publication) Title of book (in italics). Edition if applicable., Page number. Place of publication: Publisher.
Klee, P. (1929) ‘Old Man Calculating.’ Etching on copper, 29.9x23.7cm. In: Partsch, S. (2000) Klee. p.47. Koln: Taschen.
When referencing a reproduction on a webpage, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:
Artist’s surname/s, initial/s. (Year of production) ‘Title of work.’ Medium, Size (if given). In: Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. or, organisation name. (Year of publication) Title of webpage (in italics). [Online] [Access date] URL
Hicks, G. E. (1862) ‘Changing homes.’ Oil on Canvas, 89 x 150 cm. In: Art UK. (no date) Artworks: changing homes (in italics). [Online] [Accessed on 27th March 2017] https://www.artuk.org/discover/artworks/changing-homes-133025
This is intended to be a quick guide to MMU Harvard referencing.
Please consult the full MMU Harvard referencing online guide
(https://libguides.mmu.ac.uk/refguide/mmuharvard) for further instruction, including:
Citations are in-text indicators of the source of information. All citations should have a corresponding entry in your
reference list.
The full details of all the sources you have cited in your work, listed at the end of your assignment, in alphabetical
order.
For most sources, the only information you need when citing within the text of your work is the author’s
surname and the year of publication.
Type of citation | Example citation |
---|---|
A source with one author | (Cottrell, 2015) |
A source with two authors | (Pritchard and Burton, 2018) |
A source with three or more authors | (Bornstein et al., 2014) |
Using a direct quote | (Cottrell, 2015:84) |
Organisation as author | (Department for Education, 2018) |
If you do not use the author's name in your writing, the author and year are placed in brackets at the end of the
statement, as follows:
Recording personal achievements can be used as a reflective tool and can help an individual identify their own
skills and expertise (Cottrell, 2015).
If you are using the author's name in your writing, you would add the year in brackets following the surname, as
follows:
Cottrell (2015) suggests that recording personal achievements can be used as a reflective tool and can help an
individual identify their own skills and expertise.
Format | Reference elements | Example |
---|---|---|
Book | Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of book (in italics). Edition if applicable., Place of publication: Publisher. |
Bornstein, M. H., Arterberry, M. E. and Lamb, M. E. (2014) Development in infancy: a contemporary introduction. 5th ed., New York: Psychology Press. |
Journal article | Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of journal article.’ Title of Journal (in italics), Volume number(Issue number) first and last page numbers of whole journal article. |
Pritchard, M. P. and Burton, R. (2018) ‘Ethical failures in sport business: directions for research.’ Sport Marketing Quarterly, 23(2) pp. 86-99. |
Webpage | Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of page (in italics). Name of organisation if applicable. [Online] [Date accessed] URL |
Rohrer, F. (2013) The unwinnable game. BBC. [Online] [Accessed on 17 th July 2018] http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine25032298 |
For the full A-Z list of reference types see https://libguides.mmu.ac.uk/refguide/mmuharvard
Workshops – are run regularly throughout the year and upcoming workshops are advertised on the Library’s
homepage https://libguides.mmu.ac.uk/workshops
Email your enquiry to Library@mmu.ac.uk
EndNote - software to help organise your references https://libguides.mmu.ac.uk/endnote
This MMU Harvard referencing guide is designed to be used specifically by undergraduate students studying at Manchester Metropolitan University. However, all students are advised to check with their programme team as to which style of referencing is required as a few departments do not use the Harvard system.
Postgraduate students and those who are submitting material for publication should adhere strictly to guidelines or specifications provided by their supervisor or publishers of the relevant journal.
In constructing this guide, a number of handbooks from various institutions were consulted. Permission to use information from these institutes has been granted. The authors would like to thank and acknowledge the following institutes:
David Rudd – University of Bolton
Geoffrey Ward – University of Essex
Information Literacy Team – University of Leeds
Learning and Information Services (LIS) – University of Wolverhampton
Skills for Learning – Leeds Metropolitan University
Sue Taylor – University of Gloucestershire
Virginia Bell – Queen Margaret University
Academic Services – Bournemouth University
The authors would also like to thank members of staff from the Institute of Education and the Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care for their advice and recommendations.
Special thanks to Janet Rooney for the design of the PDF referencing guide.