Referencing

 

Link to this section

 

Example citation

The 1996 Housing Act OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, the 1996 Housing Act (1996:13)

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Reference elements

Short title of the Act and Year. (chapter number of the Act, abbreviated to ‘c.’) Place of publication: Publisher.

Reference example

Housing Act 1996. (c.52) London: HMSO.

 

Variants

Acts introduced prior to 1963

Reference elements

Short title of the Act and Year. (Year of reign of the monarch at the time the Act was introduced the monarch’s name which can be abbreviated, chapter number of the Act) Place of publication: Publisher.

Reference example

Charities Act 1960. (8&9 Eliz. 2, c.58) London: HMSO.

 

Key points

• Unlike the other citation formats, when citing by paraphrasing, the year of publication does not need to be placed in brackets as this forms part of the title of the Act. However when using a direct quote, the year should also be placed in brackets, followed by the page number as shown in the example above.

• For Acts of parliament that are published by Her Majesty’s Stationery Office (HMSO), the abbreviated versions of the publisher’s name can be used in the reference list.

 

 

Link to this section

 

Annual reports print copy

Example citation

(eBay, 2011) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (eBay, 2011:8)

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Reference elements

Name of company. (Year of publication) Title of annual report (in italics). Place of publication: Publisher.

Example reference

eBay. (2011) Annual Report 2011. San Jose: eBay Inc.

 

Annual reports online copy

Example citation

(British Geological Survey, 2010) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (British Geological Survey, 2010:12)

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Reference elements

Name of company. (Year of publication) Title of annual report (in italics). [Online] [Date accessed] URL

Reference example

British Geological Survey. (2010) Annual report 2010-2011. [Online] [Accessed on 24th April 2012] http://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/

 

Key points

• To cite and reference an annual report you will generally have to use the organisation’s name as an author name is usually not present.

 

 

Link to this section

 

Citation elements

Direct quotes: The originator of the app, the year the app was released and the word app.

Example citation

(Morgan, 2012) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Morgan, 2012:app)

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Reference elements

Owner/creator. (Year (Use year accessed if release date is not available)). ‘Title of app content.’ Publisher or Producer (if ascertainable). Title of app (in italics).Version number. [App] [Date accessed]

Example reference

Morgan, J. (2012) ‘Business marketing lecture.’ Duke University. iTunes-U. Version 1.9.11. [App] [Accessed on 25th January 2012]

 

 

Link to this section

 

Example citation

(Skyscape, 2010) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Skyscape, 2010:app)

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Reference elements

Originator/s. (Year) (Use year accessed if release date is not available) Title of app. (in italics) Version number (if known). [App] [Date accessed]

Example reference

Skyscape. (2010) Skyscape medical resources. Version 1.9.11. [App] [Accessed on 18th January 2011]

 

 

Link to this section

 

Citation elements

The surname of the author of the material and the year.

Example citation

(Davies, 1992) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Davies, 1992:32)

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Archive material can be various types of source material and as such, the format may differ depending on the type of material. When referencing archive material, the archive collection details are just as important as the details of the material itself.

General rules

• Follow the usual format specific to the source (see first example below for a journal article located in an online archive collection), followed by the archive collection details and archive location (physical or online).

• Add the [Medium] in square brackets, if the type of medium is not identifiable by the title or by the elements specific to the source, as shown in the third example below.

• Include any reference numbers if provided on the source, as shown in the third example below.

  Archive material accessed online

  Reference elements (include each of the elements below as applicable)

  Author surname, initial. (year of publication/creation) Title of material (in italics) {and/or any other elements specific to the source} (source reference number in brackets). [Medium (if required)] Archive collection title. [Online] [Access date] URL

  Example references

  Davis, D. (1992) 'This wonderful life.' Broadsheet, 9(3) pp. 29-34. National Association for the Teaching of Drama Archive. [Online] [Accessed on 21st April 2017] http://www.mantleoftheexpert.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/NATD.v.9.3-1993.pdf

  Freud, S. (1934) Postcard to Saul Rosenzweig. Sigmund Freud papers: general correspondence, 1871-1996. Library of Congress Digital Collections. [Online] [Accessed on 20th April 2017] https://www.loc.gov/resource/mss39990.04022/?sp=2

  Heathcote, D. (no date) Some very early notes on Mantle of the Expert (AC115-DH). [Annotated typescript] Dorothy Heathcote Archive. [Online] [Accessed on 24th April 2017] http://www.mantleoftheexpert.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/AC115-DH-Some-very-early-notes-on-moe.pdf

   

  Archive material viewed physically

  Reference elements

  Author surname, initial. (year of publication/creation) Title of material (in italics) {and/or any other elements specific to the source} (source reference number in brackets). [Medium (if required)] Archive collection title. Location of archive/collection.

  Example reference

  Legh, P. (1729) Letter to Francis Leicester July 24th (DLT C35/74). Leicester-Warren Family of Tabley Records. Cheshire Archives and Local Studies, Chester.

   

 

Link to this section

 

Citation elements

Title of Bill. (Year)

Example citation

Homelessness Reduction Bill (2016)

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Reference elements

Title of Bill. (Year) The House in which the Bill originated. (Bill no. and parliamentary session/year) Place of publication: Publisher.

Example references

Homelessness Reduction Bill. (2016) House of Commons. (Bill 7 2016-2017) London: TSO.

Children and Social Work Bill. (2017) House of Lords. (Bill 121 2016-2017) London: TSO.

 

Key points

• Use the House in which the Bill originated i.e. House of Commons or House of Lords.

 

 

Link to this section

 

Example citation

(Cottrell, 2011) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Cottrell, 2011:97)

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Reference elements

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of book (in italics). Edition if applicable., Place of publication: Publisher.

Example reference

Cottrell, S. (2011) Critical thinking skills: developing effective analysis and argument. 2nd ed., Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

 

 

Link to this section

 

Example citation

(Baker, 2017) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Baker, 2017:6)

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Reference elements

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of paper (in italics). Organisation/department name briefing paper number. Place of publication: Publisher. [Online] [Access date] URL

Example reference

Baker, C. (2017) Accident and emergency statistics: demand, performance and pressure. House of Commons Library Briefing Paper no. 6964. London: House of Commons Library. [Online] [Accessed on 3rd April 2017] http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN06964/SN06964.pdf

 

 

Link to this section

 

Example citation

(Alternative Power Solution Ltd v Central Electricity Board, 2014) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Alternative Power Solution Ltd v Central Electricity Board, 2014:884)

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Reference elements

Party Names (separated by a ‘v’ and in italics) [Year the case was heard] Volume number (if available) Law Report abbreviation Start page.

Example references

Alternative Power Solution Ltd v Central Electricity Board. [2014] 4 All ER 882.

Mountgarrett (Rt Hon Viscount) v Claro Water Board. (1963) 15 P & CR 53.

 

Key points

• The use of round and square brackets:
• Square brackets are used when the date is essential to locate the case, because there multiple volumes each year.
• If the date is not essential to locate the case, because there is only one volume per year, the year should be entered in round brackets.

 

 

Link to this section

 

Use this format when you are using an edited book where the chapters are written by different authors.

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Example citation

Note: The author whose surname you use will be the chapter’s author, not the editor of the book.

(Dickson, 2006) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Dickson, 2006:167)

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Reference elements

Surname of the author/s who wrote the chapter, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of the chapter.’ In (in italics) Surname of the editor/s, Initial/s. (ed/s.) Title of book (in italics). Edition if applicable., Place of publication: Publisher, first and last page numbers of the chapter.

Example reference

Dickson, D. (2006) ‘Reflecting.’ In Hargie, O. (ed.) The handbook of communication skills. 3rd ed., London: Routledge, pp. 165-194.

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Note:

If the publication date of the chapter is different to the publication date of the book, you need to include both dates in your reference, as follows:

Reference elements

Surname of the author/s who wrote the chapter, Initial/s. (Year of publication of chapter) ‘Title of the chapter.’ In (in italics) Surname of the editor/s, Initial/s. (ed/s.) (Year of publication of book) Title of book (in italics). Edition if applicable., Place of publication: Publisher, first and last page numbers of the chapter.

Example reference

Debord, G. (1955) ‘Introduction to a critique of urban geography.’ In Di Mauro, S. E. and Bauder, H. (eds.) (2008) Critical geographies: a collection of readings. Canada: Praxis Press, pp. 23-27.

 

Key points

• When you are using different chapters within the edited book, each chapter you cite will have a separate entry in your reference list.

 

 

Link to this section

 

Example citation

(Bureau van Dijk, 2015) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Bureau van Dijk, 2015:online)

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Reference elements

Name of organisation (owner of database). (Year of report) Title of report. Title of database. (in italics) [Online] [Date accessed] URL

Example reference

Bureau van Dijk. (2015) Arcadia Group Limited company report. FAME. [Online] [Accessed on 15th July 2015] https://fame-bvdinfo-com.ezproxy.mmu.ac.uk/version-201572/Search.QuickSearch.serv?_CID=1&context=1NQ68UOWXT7ZWPY

 

 

Link to this section

 

Follow the format for an Annual report when using information from a company report which has been produced and published by the company itself.

 

 

 

Link to this section

 

Example citation

(Ubisoft, 2011)

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Reference elements

Creator/Developer. (Year of release) Title (in italics). Edition or Version (if applicable). Platform. [Game] Place of publication/distribution: Publisher/Distribution company.

Example reference

Ubisoft. (2010) Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood. Standard edition. Xbox. [Game] Montreal: Ubisoft.

 

Online/download version

Reference elements

Creator/Developer. (Year of release) Title (in italics). Edition or Version (if applicable). Platform. [Game] [Access date] URL

Example reference

Blue Byte Mainz. (2015) Anno 2205. Standard edition. PC. [Game] [Accessed on 1st August 2016] http://store.ubi.com/uk/anno-2205/56c4947888a7e300458b4570.html#start=29

 

 

 

Link to this section

 

A published conference paper is a paper which has been published in the conference proceedings of that particular conference.

Published conference paper - paper copy

Citation elements

Surname of author of paper and the year

Example citation

(Kuznetsov and Kutnetsova, 2001) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Kuznetsov and Kutnetsova, 2001:480)

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Reference elements

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of conference paper.’ In (in italics) Name of organisation. Title of conference (including number of annual conference if given) (in italics). Volume number if applicable. Location of conference (venue, city), date of conference. Editor’s (or Chair’s) Surname/s, Initial/s. (ed/s.) (if given) Place of publication: Publisher, first and last page numbers of paper.

Example reference

Kuznetsov, A. and Kuznetsova, O. (2001) ‘The progress of market culture in Russia and managerial response.’ In Academy of International Business. Proceedings of the 28th annual conference of the Academy of International Business (UK chapter) International business in the 21st century: change and continuity - strategies, institutions, regulations and operations. Vol. 1. Manchester Metropolitan University Business School, Manchester, 6th–7th April 2001. McDonald, F. and Tuselman, H. (eds.) Manchester: Manchester Metropolitan University Business School, pp. 471-488.

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Published conference paper - online copy

Reference elements

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of conference paper.’ In (in italics) Name of organisation. Title of conference (including number of annual conference if given) (in italics). Volume number if applicable. Location of conference (venue, city), date of conference. Editor’s (or Chair’s) Surname/s, Initial/s. (ed/s.) (if given) Place of publication: Publisher, first and last page numbers of paper. [Online] [Access date] URL

Example reference

Brookes, A. and Clark, C. (2001) ‘Narrative dimensions of transformative learning.’ In Adult Education Research Conference. Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Adult Education Research Conference. Michigan State University, East Lansang, MI, 1st – 3rd June, pp. 1-7. [Online] [Accessed on 3rd April 2018] http://newprairiepress.org/aerc/2001/papers/12/

Key points

• Please note, if any elements of the reference are not ascertainable, such as the editor or publisher details then leave these out, as in the example above
• An online conference paper will usually be downloadable as a PDF document. Please note that quite often the page numbers of the downloaded paper will start at page 1 rather than reflecting its position in the conference proceedings, which is the case for the example reference above.

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Unpublished conference paper (paper presented at a conference)

Citation elements

Surname of presenter of paper and the year

Example citation

(Meagher, 2007) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Meagher, 2007:presentation)

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Reference elements

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of conference) ‘Title of paper.’ Paper presented at: Title of conference (in italics). Location of conference (venue, city), date of conference.

Example reference

Meagher, K. (2007) ‘The importance of public affairs in the business training sector.’ Paper presented at: The Regional Public Affairs Conference: giving the North a voice in Westminster: adding value through public affairs. Manchester Metropolitan University Business School, Manchester, 20th March.

 

Conference proceedings

Reference elements

Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title of conference (including number of annual conference if given) (in italics). Volume number if applicable. Location of conference (venue, city), date of conference. Editor’s (or Chair’s) Surname/s, Initial/s. (ed/s.)(if given) Place of publication: Publisher.

Example reference

Academy of International Business. (2001) Proceedings of the 28th annual conference of the Academy of International Business (UK chapter) International business in the 21st century: change and continuity - strategies, institutions, regulations and operations. Vol. 1. Manchester Metropolitan University Business School, Manchester, 6th-7th April 2001. McDonald, F. and Tuselman, H. (eds.) Manchester: Manchester Metropolitan University Business School.

 

Key points

• Please note that when using information from conference papers, you need to cite the author (for published material) or presenter (for unpublished material) of the paper and not the organisation who held the conference or the editor of the conference proceedings.
• The whole conference proceedings would usually only appear in a bibliography rather than as a cited source, as you would normally cite from a conference paper.
• For published conference papers and conference proceedings, if there are no editor/s listed or it is not clear who the editors are then leave this out.

 

 

Link to this section

 

Example citation

(Duncan and Trejo, 2011) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Duncan and Trejo, 2011:8)

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Discussion papers - online copy

Reference elements

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of paper (in italics). Organisation name discussion paper number. Place of publication: Publisher. [Online] [Date accessed] URL

Example reference

Duncan, B. and Trejo, S. J. (2011) Low-skilled immigrants and the U.S. labor market. IZA Discussion Paper no. 5964. Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor. [Online] [Accessed on 3rd March 2016] http://ftp.iza.org/dp5964.pdf

 

Discussion papers - print copy

Reference elements

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of paper (in italics). Organisation name discussion paper number. Place of publication: Publisher.

Example reference

Duncan, B. and Trejo, S. J. (2011) Low-skilled immigrants and the U.S. labor market. IZA Discussion Paper no. 5964. Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor.

 

 

Link to this section

 

Example citation

(Gillen, 1998) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Gillen, 1998:33)

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Reference elements

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of submission) Title of thesis (in italics). Degree statement. Name of the awarding institution.

Example reference

Gillen, J. K. (1998) An investigation into young children’s telephone discourse. Ph.D. Manchester Metropolitan University.

 

Key points

• Degree statement refers to whether the dissertation/thesis was for the award of B.A., B.Sc., M.A., M.Sc., Ph.D., etc.

 

 

Link to this section

 

Citation elements

Direct quotes: Author, year:page/location/chapter [whichever is available]

Example citation

(Burrows, 2009) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Burrows, 2009:loc 23)

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Reference elements

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of book (in italics). Edition if applicable., [name of ebook reader] Place of publication: Publisher.

Example reference

Burrows, A., Parsons, A., Price, G. and Pilling, G. (2009) Chemistry³: introducing inorganic, organic and physical chemistry. [Kindle Fire] Oxford: Oxford University Press.

 

 

Link to this section

 

EU legislation is also known as regulations, directives, or decisions

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Citation elements

When citing legislation you must include the type, number and year of the piece of legislation. The order the legislation number and year appear in the citation should follow the order they appear on the legislation document, as shown in the examples below:

Example citations

(Council Regulation, 1907/2006) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Council Regulation, 1907/2006:45)

(Council Directive, 2014/94) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Council Directive, 2014/94:15)

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Reference elements

Legislation type. Legislation number and title. Publication details, including journal title volume (in italics) and date and page numbers.

Example references

Council Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) establishing a European Chemicals Agency. Official Journal L 396, 30/12/2006 pp. 1 – 849.

Council Directive 2014/94/EU of 22 October 2014 on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure. Official Journal L 307, 28/10/2014 pp. 1 – 20.

 

 

Link to this section

 

Exhibition catalogues

Example citation

(Serpentine Gallery, 2005) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Serpentine Gallery, 2005:4)

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Reference elements

Surname of author/editor, initial/s. (Year) Title of catalogue (in italics). Details of exhibition (as stated on catalogue) Gallery, date. Place of publication: Publisher.

Example reference

Serpentine Gallery. (2005) Rirkrit Tiravanija: a retrospective (tomorrow is another fine day). Catalogue to accompany exhibition held at the Serpentine Gallery, 5th July to 21st August 2005. London: Serpentine Gallery.

 

Work of art In an exhibition catalogue

Reference elements

Surname of artist, initial. (Year) 'Title of work of art.' Description of work of art (if applicable). In (in italics) Surname of author/editor, initial/s, or, Gallery name. (Year) Title of catalogue (in italics). Details of exhibition (as stated on catalogue) Gallery, date. Place of publication: Publisher. Page number/s of Work of art.

Example reference

Tiravanija, R. (1992) ‘Untitled 1992 (free).’ Installation at 303 Gallery, New York. In Serpentine Gallery. (2005) Rirkrit Tiravanija: a retrospective (tomorrow is another fine day). Catalogue to accompany exhibition held at the Serpentine Gallery, 5th July to 21st August 2005. London: Serpentine Gallery, pp. 59-60.

 

Key points

• If it is a not clear who the author/editor of the exhibition catalogue is, use the gallery name in place of the author/editor as shown in the above examples.

 

 

Link to this section

 

For an example of how to reference this source, refer to the relevant format/medium used to access the source, from the examples below.

Citation elements

Title of the film and year [except for DVD extra features as shown in the related sources section below]

Citation example

(The Terminator, 1984)

For further instruction on citing from a film, including using direct quotes, see the FAQ on ‘Citing someone who is not the author of the source’.

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Films watched at a screening eg cinema

Reference elements

Title of the Film (in italics). (Year of production) Directed by director’s Initial/s. Surname/s. [Film] Place of production: Production Company.

Example reference

The Wind that Shakes the Barley. (2006) Directed by K. Loach. [Film] UK: UK Film Council.

 

DVDs/videos

Reference elements

Title of the DVD/video (in italics). (Year of production) Directed by director’s Initial/s. Surname/s. Material type, either [DVD] or [Video] Place of distribution: Distribution company.

Example Reference

The Matrix Reloaded. (2003) Directed by A. and L. Wachowski. [DVD] Los Angeles: Warner Brothers Inc.

 

Films accessed online

Reference elements

Title of the Film (in italics). (Year of production) Directed by director’s Initial/s. Surname/s. [Online] Available through (name of online provider). [Date accessed]

Example Reference

Slumdog Millionaire. (2008) Directed by D. Boyle. and L. Tandan. [Online] Available through Netflix. [Accessed on 3rd October 2013]

 

Related sources

 

DVD extra feature – documentary

Citation elements

Title of the documentary and year.

Example citation

(Hitchcock: the early years, 2001)

For further instruction on citing from a film, including using direct quotes, see the FAQ on ‘Citing someone who is not the author of the source’

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Reference elements

‘Title of documentary.’ (Year) Produced by producer’s Initial/s. Surname/s. Title of DVD/video (in italics). Directed by Director’s Initial/s. surname/s. Material type, either [DVD] or [Video] Place of distribution: Distribution Company.

Example reference

‘Hitchcock: the early years.’ (2001) Produced by D. Lemon. The 39 Steps. Directed by A. Hitchcock. [DVD] UK: Carlton Visual.

 

DVD extra features – Film commentary

Citation elements

The surname/s of the commentator/s and the year of the commentary.

Example citation

(Altman and Tonkin, 2001) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Altman and Tonkin, 2001:1min 56)

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Reference Elements

Commentator’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year) ‘Film commentary.’ Title of the DVD/video (in italics). Directed by director’s Initial/s. Surname/s. Material type, either [DVD] or [Video] Place of distribution: Distribution Company.

Example reference

Altman, R. and Tonkin, M. (2001) ‘Film commentary.’ The Player. Directed by R. Altman. [DVD] USA: Pathė.

 

DVD extra feature – Interview with film director/s

Citation elements

The surname/s of the interviewee/s and the year of the interview.

Example citation

(Wachowski, 2003) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Wachowski, 2003:3 mins 22)

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Reference elements

Interviewee’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year) ‘Title of interview.’ Interviewed by interviewer’s Initial/s. Surname/s. Title of the DVD/video (in italics). Directed by director’s Initial/s. Surname/s. Material type, either [DVD] or [Video] Place of distribution: Distribution Company.

Example reference

Wachowski, A. (2003) ‘Interview with A. Wachowski.’ Interviewed by L. Jones. The Matrix Reloaded. Directed by A. and L. Wachowski. [DVD] Los Angeles: Warner Brothers Inc.

 

Key points

• Sometimes when citing from a film, you may be citing what someone has said in the film or DVD. In this instance, you need to present your citation differently, including introducing the ‘speaker/s’ name in your writing. Please see the FAQ on ‘Citing someone who is not the author of the source’ for further instruction.
• The order in which the surname and initial/s of the director/s is presented, is opposite to the order in which the names of author/s of books/journal articles/online sources etc. are presented. Here the director’s initial/s are presented before the surname.

• If the title of the film/DVD/video is long, you need to use the full title the first time you refer to it in your assignment. However, the title can be abbreviated from then on. The full title should then be used in the reference list.

 

 

Link to this section

 

Example citation

(Sand, 1932) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Sand, 1932:10)

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Book

Reference elements

Author’s surname/s, initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of item. (in italics) (English translation of title.) Place of publication: Publisher.

Example reference

Sand, G. (1932) Histoire de ma vie. (History of my life.) Paris: Calmann-Levy.

 

Newspaper article - online edition

Reference elements

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article.’ (English translation of article title.) Title of newspaper (in italics). [Online] Date of publication. [Date accessed] URL

Example reference

El País. (2015) ‘La Semana Santa con más turistas de los últimos ocho años.’ (The Holy Week with the most tourists in the past eight years.) El País. [Online] 7th April. [Accessed on 19th December 2017] https://elpais.com/ccaa/2015/04/07/andalucia/1428434394_012889.html

Key points

• When referencing a foreign language source, only the title of the book, webpage etc. should be translated into English and entered in brackets after the the original language title, as shown in the example above. For sources that include two titles in the reference, for example journal articles and newspaper articles, it is the article title that should be translated as shown in the example above.

 

 

Link to this section

 

General reports print copy

 

NB: for information on citing and referencing Market reports or Annual reports refer to the sections for these sources.

Example citation

(Lowden, 2011) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Lowden, 2011:18)

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Reference elements

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. or Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title of report (in italics). Place of publication: Publisher. (Report code and number)

Reference examples

Lowden, K., Hall, S., Elliot, D. and Lewin, J. (2011) Employers’ perceptions of the employability skills of new graduates. London: Edge Foundation.

ECOTEC. (2003) Guidance on mapping social enterprise: final report to the DTI Social Enterprise Unit. London: ECOTEC Research and Consulting Ltd. (C2453)

 

Key points

• If there is no report code or number on the report, leave this field blank as in the first example above.

 

General reports online copy

 

NB: if the report you are using is a PDF you have located online, please see section for 'Online PDF document'

Example citation

(RIBA, 2011) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (RIBA, 2011:online)

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Reference elements

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. or Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title of report (in italics). [Online] [Date accessed] URL

Reference example

RIBA. (2011) Good design – it all adds up. [Online] [Accessed on 24th April 2012] http://www.architecture.com/Files/RIBAHoldings/PolicyAndInternationalRelations/Policy/Gooddesignitalladdsup.pdf

 

 

Link to this section

 

Example citation

(Department of Education and Science, 1985) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’ (Department of Education and Science, 1985:399)

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Reference elements

Government department/organisation for which the publication was produced. (Year of publication) Title (in italics). The word or an abbreviation of the word ‘Command’. Official reference number if there is one, place of publication: Publisher. (Name of chairperson if there is one and the word Report)

Example reference

Department of Education and Science. (1985) Education for all: report of the committee of inquiry into the education of children from ethnic minority groups. Cmnd. 9453, London: HMSO. (Swann Report)

 

Key points

• Most government publications will have an official reference number. If the paper you have read does not have a number leave this field blank.

• Usually, government White and Green papers are published by either Her Majesty’s Stationery Office (HMSO) or by The Stationery Office (TSO). The abbreviated versions of the publisher’s name can be used in the reference list.

• It is also useful to know that sometimes the word ‘command’, on command papers and in some reference lists may be abbreviated to ‘cmnd’, ‘cmd’ or ‘cm’.

 

 

Link to this section

 

Example citation

(Jones, 2012) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Jones, 2012:presentation)

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Reference elements

Author‘s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of presentation) Title of lecture (in italics). Name of institution where the presentation has taken place, city of presentation, date of presentation.

Example reference

Jones, R. (2012) The future of IT and Library Services. Presentation at Wessex University, Wessex, 10th January.

 

 

Link to this section

 

When using an illustration from a source, you will have to refer to it three times within your work: a caption underneath the illustration; a citation within the main body of your text to explain why you have included the illustration in your work; and an entry in your reference list.

Caption elements

You will usually have to give the illustration a title; this can be your own words or quoted from the original text. As these types of illustrations are exact reproductions you will always need a page number (or the word online for sources without a page number, such as sources found online).

 

Example caption

Figure 1: Water usage in the North West 2010-2013 (Source: Defra, 2014:online)

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Example citation

Figure 1 showing water usage in the North West from 2010 to 2013 (Defra, 2014:online) demonstrates....

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Reference elements

The reference will depend on the type of source you have used. Please refer to the relevant section depending on whether you have used a book, journal article etc.

 

For a Work of Art reproduced in a book see the entry for ‘Reproduction in a book’ under the Works of Art section.

 

 

Link to this section

 

PLEASE NOTE: In most cases, an electronic journal article is referenced in the same way as a print copy of the article. This is because most electronic journals are simply scanned copies of the print version, therefore please follow the format below

Example citation

(Barnes and Brannelly, 2008) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Barnes and Brannelly, 2008:32)

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Reference elements

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of journal article.’ Title of journal (in italics), Volume number(Issue number) first and last page numbers of whole journal article.

Example reference

Barnes, M. and Brannelly, T. (2008) ‘Achieving care and social justice for people with dementia.’ Nursing Ethics, 15(3) pp. 384-395.

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Articles with no author

If there is no author’s name provided on an article use the journal title in place of the author, as shown in the example below.

Accountancy. (2009) ‘Innocent wants VAT relief on smoothies.’ Accountancy, 143(1389) p. 14.

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Articles with no issue number

If there is no issue number is available, use the month or season in which the journal was published, as shown in the example below.

Kitwood, T. (1988) ‘The technical, the personal, and the framing of dementia.’ Social Behaviour: an International Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 3, June, pp. 83-91.

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Articles with no volume number

If there is no volume number is available, use the month or season in which the journal was published, as shown in the example below.

Income Data Services. (2008) 'Establishing an employer brand.' IDS HR Studies, (872) June, pp. 2-8.

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Online journals

 

PLEASE NOTE: In most cases, an electronic journal article is referenced in the same way as a print copy of the article. This is because most electronic journals are simply scanned copies of the print version.
However, there are exceptions where articles are only available online, or, appear online ahead of the print publication. If this is the case, you will be required to format the reference differently to a print journal article, using slightly different or additional elements for the full reference. This is in order to provide sufficient information so that others can find the same article.

General rules:

• If the online journal article has a download option, then use this to identify page numbers, particularly for citing direct quotes, where a page number is required. Please note that quite often the page numbers of the downloaded article will start at page 1 rather than reflecting its position in the journal.

• If available, include the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) of the article when referencing online journal articles. This is the unique number for the online article and can usually be found on the article or abstract page.

• If there is no DOI available, use the URL instead.

 

Examples of types of online journal articles

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First online journal articles

It is important to indicate, when referencing a journal article that appears online ahead of the print publication, that this is the case. This is because when the article is assigned to a print issue at a later date, the publication date details will change. Publishers may refer to these articles as ‘first online’, ‘online first’, ‘early view’, ‘article in press’ or ‘provisional article’ (this specific terminology should be included in the reference – see below) and at the time of access may not have volume, issue or page number details.

Reference elements

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of journal article.’ Title of journal (in italics). [Online] ‘First online’ (or publisher’s terminology) online publication date. [Access date] DOI: number

Example reference

Watkins, L., Kuhn, M., Ledbetter-Cho, K., Gevarter, C. and O’Reilly, M. (2015) ‘Evidence-based social communication interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder.’ The Indian Journal of Pediatrics. [Online] ‘First online’ published 19th November 2015. [Accessed on 16th May 2016] DOI: 10.1007/s12098-015-1938-5

 

 

Online only journal articles

Some journal titles are only published online and are not available in print format. As such, often they do not have the same details as print journal articles, for example no issue number. If this is the case and other details are provided, such as an article number, include this instead as in the first example below.

Reference elements

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of journal article.’ Title of journal (in italics) , Volume number(Issue number) or Volume number:article number, first and last page numbers of whole journal article (if applicable). [Online] [Access date] DOI: or URL

Example references

McCulloch, P. F., Warren, E. A. and DiNovo, K. M. (2016) ‘Repetitive diving in trained rats still increases Fos production in brainstem neurons after bilateral sectioning of the anterior ethmoidal nerve.’ Frontiers in Physiology, 7:148, pp. 1-12. [Online] [Accessed on 26th April 2016] DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00148

 

McMahon, C. R. (1997) ‘Hysterical academies: Lacan's theory of the four discourses.’ Internet Journal of Language, Culture and Society, 2, pp. 1-19. [Online] [Accessed on 12th January 2016] http://www.anialian.com/Hysterical_Academies.htm

 

 

Link to this section

 

Example citation

(Gimson, 2012)

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Reference elements

Editor’s surname/s, initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of issue.’ [Special issue] Title of Journal (in italics), volume number(issue number).

Gimson, A. (ed.) (2012) ‘Nurturing creativity & innovation.’ [Special issue] Development and Learning in Organizations: an International Journal, 26(6).

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Key points

• You would normally only cite and reference a whole journal when it is a special issue with a common theme throughout all articles within that issue, and you are referring to a common theme in your work.

• If you are citing from individual articles within a special issue, you should cite and reference each individual article in the format provided above for journal articles.

• When citing from a special issue, you should use the editor's name in the citation and reference.

• An ordinary issue would not usually have a title, so again you should cite and reference the individual articles in the format provided for journal articles.

 

 

Link to this section

 

Example citation

(Manchester Metropolitan University, no date) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Manchester Metropolitan University, no date:leaflet)

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Reference elements

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. or Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title or description (in italics). [Type of source e.g. leaflet or poster] Place of publication if available or location the medium was viewed: Publisher if available or date the information was viewed.

Example references

Counselling Service. (no date) Need to talk? [Leaflet] Manchester: Manchester Metropolitan University.

The National Student Survey. (no date) Be heard. [Poster] Reception area, Gaskell campus: Date viewed 29th January 2013.

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If an author or organisation’s name is not present you should provide the following information in the format as follows:

Reference elements

Description of the source (in italics). (Year of publication) [Type of source e.g. leaflet, poster] Place of publication if available or location the medium was viewed: Publisher if available or date the information was viewed.

Example reference

The Foyer-UNIAID accommodation bursaries. (2009) [Poster] Student services notice board, Didsbury campus: Date viewed 9th February 2009.

 

Key points

• When citing, if there is no creator’s name on the item, use the name of the organisation that produced it.
• If there is no information about the publisher provided, state the location where the source was viewed (to replace the place of publication) and the date it was viewed (to replace the publisher).

 

 

Link to this section

 

PLEASE NOTE: Citing and referencing information from lecture notes is not recommended by certain courses. Please check with your programme team to clarify whether this is acceptable practice before you use this source.

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Example citation

(Robinson, 2004) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Robinson, 2004:1)

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Reference elements

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of production) Title of the lecture notes (in italics). Place of publication: Publisher. Number of pages in handout, distribution date, the lecture number ‘module name’.

Example reference

Robinson, J. (2004) No title. Wolverhampton: University of Wolverhampton. 3-page handout, distributed on 13th March 2005, in lecture 3 for module ‘Teaching gymnastics’.

Key points

• If the lecture notes do not have a title then write ‘No title’ where the title should be, as shown in the example above.

• If there is no place of publication and publishing information it is safe to assume these will be the university you attend.

• If you do not have the lecture number or module name you can leave this information out of the reference.

 

 

Link to this section

 

Market Reports/Company and Industry profiles/Country reports - online copy

Example citation

(Mintel, 2012) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’ (Mintel, 2012:online)

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Reference elements

Name of research company or organisation. (Year of publication) Title of report (in italics). Date of report (month and year – if available). [Online] [Date accessed] URL

Example reference

 

Mintel. (2012) Coffee shops: UK. February 2012. [Online] [Accessed on 14th April 2012] http://academic.mintel.com

Marketline. (2012) Adidas AG. October 2015. [Online] [Accessed on 1st October 2014] http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.mmu.ac.uk/login.aspx?direct=true&db=buh&AN=110906176&site=ehost-live 

Euromonitor International. (2017) Apparel and footwear in the United Kingdom. January 2017. [Online] [Accessed on 5th January 2018] http://www.portal.euromonitor.com.ezproxy.mmu.ac.uk/portal/analysis/tab

Key points

• To cite and reference a market report you will generally have to use the name of research company or organisation’s name in place of the author's name as an author name is usually not given.
• If the URL for the webpage where the report was found requires you to login with a username and password, use the homepage of the database in your reference (this will be the first page you view after you have logged into the database). Or, if available, use the a permalink/stable URL, (this will usually be found on the abstract page) as in the example above.

 

Market Reports/Company and Industry profiles/Country reports - print copy

Example citation

(Mintel, 2012) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Mintel, 2012:5)

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Reference elements

Name of research company or organisation. (Year of publication) Title of report (in italics). Date of report (month and year- if available). Edition if applicable., Place of publication: Publisher.

Example reference

Mintel. (2012) Coffee shops: UK. February 2012. London: Mintel Group.

 

 

Link to this section

 

Paper edition

 

Example citation

(Moore, 2007) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Moore, 2007:3)

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Reference elements

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article.’ Name of newspaper (in italics). Name of supplement if applicable. Date of publication. Edition if applicable, Page number of article.

Example reference

Moore, S. (2007) ‘Careers are calling.’ Manchester Evening News. MEN job search supplement. 18th January. City edition, p. 3.

 

Online edition:

 

Example citation

(Arthur, 2012) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Arthur, 2012:online)

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Reference elements

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article.’ Name of newspaper (in italics). [Online] Date of publication. [Date accessed] URL

Example reference

Arthur, C. (2012) ‘YouTube loses music clip copyright battle in court.’ The Guardian. [Online] 24th April. [Accessed on 24th April 2012] http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2012/apr/20/youtube-music-clip-copyright-court

 

Key points

• If there is no author given use the title of the newspaper in place of the author.
• If there is no publication date state no date in place of the year.
• For newspaper articles located on the LexisLibrary database, reference as a print copy article, as these are scanned copies of articles from the print edition

 

 

Link to this section

 

Example citation

(Allison, 2007)

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Reference elements

Creator’s surname/s, Initial/s. OR name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title of image or description of image (in italics). Name of organisation (if not already stated). [Online image] [Date accessed] URL

Example references

Allison, C. (2007) Tornado picture. Oklahoma weather stock: photo and video stock by Charles Allison. [Online image] [Accessed on 16th February 2009] http://www.oklahomalightning.com/TornadoPics/TornadoPics.htm

Oxford Illustrated Science Encyclopaedia. (no date) Volcano. [Online image] [Accessed on 16th February 2009] http://www.oup.co.uk/oxed/children/oise/pictures/earth/volcano/

 

Key points

• Instead of author’s surname/s you will use the creator’s surname/s or the organisation’s name.
• Occasionally, a year of publication may not be provided. If this is the case, you must state there is (no date).
• If no title is available, instead provide a brief description of the image/photo. If there are a number of images/photos on the page where you accessed the information and they all show the same image, you do not need to distinguish between them. However you must make sure you do provide a description.

 

 

Link to this section

 

Example citation

(Department for Education, 2014) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Department for Education, 2014:35)

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Reference elements

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. or Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title (in italics). Edition if applicable. Place of publication if ascertainable: Publisher. [Online] [Date accessed] URL

Example reference

Department for Education. (2014) The national curriculum in England: framework document. Unknown place of publication: Department for Education. [Online] [Accessed on 28th September 2017] https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/381344/Master_final_national_curriculum_28_Nov.pdf

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2011) Alcohol-use disorders: diagnosis, assessment and management of harmful drinking and alcohol dependence. CG115. Manchester: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. [Online] [Accessed on 4th January 2017] https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg115/resources/alcoholuse-disorders-diagnosis-assessment-and-management-of-harmful-drinking-and-alcohol-dependence-pdf-35109391116229

The Office for Standards in Education, Children's Services and Skills. (2015) The framework for the inspection of local authority arrangements for supporting school improvement. Manchester: The Office for Standards in Education, Children's Services and Skills. [Online] [Accessed on 27th February 2018] https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/462244/Framework_for_the_inspection_of_local_authority_arrangements_for_supporting_school_improvement.pdf

 

Key points

• This referencing format should NOT be used to reference journal articles that have been found on electronic databases. Most electronic journal articles should be referenced in the same way as paper copies; see section on journal articles for more information.

• If one of the publication details is missing you can use the following:
  • if the place of publication is not provided use: Unknown place of publication
  • if the publisher information is not provided use: Unknown publisher
• If both the place of publication and the publisher details are missing then leave these elements out completely

• Sometimes it may be important to also include a document reference number in the reference. If this is the case, add the number after the title as shown in the second example reference above.

 

 

Link to this section

 

Example citation

(MMU Library Services, 2014) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (MMU Library Services, 2014:1min 56)

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Reference elements

Owner/creator. (Year) Title (in italics). [Online video] [Date accessed] URL

Example references

MMU Library Services. (2014) How to avoid plagiarism. [Online video] [Accessed on 10th June 2014] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IicBnQl2czM

TEDx Talks. (2001) TEDxSydney: Richard Gill - The Value of Music Education. [Online video] [Accessed on 27th October 2016] https://www.youtube.com/wdatch?v=HeRus3NVbwE

 

Key points

• To quote directly you need the time at which the words were spoken within the video, as shown in the example citaton above.
• Sometimes when citing from an online video you are not citing the owner/creator of the source. Instead you may be citing someone else speaking in the video. In this instance, you need to present your citation differently, including introducing the ‘speaker/s’ name in your writing. Please see the FAQ on ‘Citing someone who is not the author of the source’ for further instruction.

 

 

Link to this section

 

Citation elements

(Abbreviation for House and Debate Date of debate)

Example citation

(HC Deb 9th December 2015)

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Parliamentary debate print copy

Reference elements

Abbreviation for House and Debate Date of debate, Volume number, Column number.

Example reference

HC Deb 9th December 2015, 603, col. 998.

 

Parliamentary debate online version

Reference elements

Abbreviation for House and Debate Date of debate, Volume number, Column number. [Online] [Access date] URL

Example reference

HC Deb 9th December 2015, 603, col. 998. [Online] [Accessed on 23rd February 2017] https://hansard.digiminster.com/Commons/2015-12-09/debates/15120945000001/MentalHealth

 

 

Link to this section

 

Example citation

(Redfern et al., 2001) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Redfern et al., 2001:13)

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Reference elements

Author surname/s, initial/s. or, Name of body/committee. (Year) Title of paper/report (in italics). Paper reference number. Place of publication: Publisher. [Online] [Date accessed] URL

Example reference

Redfern, M., Keeling, J. and Powell, E. (2001) The Royal Liverpool Children’s Inquiry report. HC12-II. London: TSO. [Online] [Accessed on 21st March 2017] https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/250934/0012_ii.pdf

House of Commons Education Select Committee. (2010) The responsibilities of the Secretary of State: oral and written evidence taken before the Education Committee on the 28th July 2010. HC 395-i. London: TSO. [Online] [Accessed on 27th February 2017] https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmselect/cmeduc/395-i/395i.pdf

 

Key points

• Parliamentary papers will have an official reference number, for example, for House of Commons papers this will begin with HC.

• Usually, Parliamentary papers are published by either Her Majesty’s Stationery Office (HMSO) or by The Stationery Office (TSO). The abbreviated versions of the publisher’s name can be used in the reference list.

 

 

Link to this section

 

Citation elements

The Playwright’s surname, the year the play was written (using ‘c.’, the abbreviation of circa, if the exact date is not ascertainable) followed by the reprint date, if applicable.

Example citations

(Butterworth, 1995) OR (Shakespeare, c.1601, reprinted 1995)

OR, if using a ‘direct quote,’ (Butterworth, 1995:6) OR, if quoting directly from an old play, such as those by Shakespeare, (Shakespeare, Twelfth Night, act 2, scene 5, line nos 36-7)

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Reference elements

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of the edition) Title of play (in italics). Editor’s surname/s, initial/s. (ed/s.) Edition if applicable., Place of publication: Publisher.

Example reference

Shakespeare, W. (1995) Twelfth Night. Warren, R. and Wells, T. (eds.) Oxford: Oxford University Press.

 

Key points

• When citing direct quotes from plays you should refer to the section on general quotes. However to quote directly from an old play, such as Shakespeare, you need the playwright’s surname, title of play, act number, scene number, line numbers, as shown in the example above.

 

 

Link to this section

 

To reference a poem, the reference should reflect the specific source/collection in which the poem is located.

Please see our FAQ: How do I cite and reference a poem for specific instruction and examples.

 

 

Link to this section

 

Citation elements

Name of religious text, Book, text marker e.g. chapter and verse.

Example citation

(John, 3:16)

OR

(The Koran, The Cow, 2:238)

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Reference elements

Full title of text, including sub-title (in italics). (Year of publication) Place of publication: Publisher.

Example reference

The Bible: authorized King James version. (2008) Oxford: Oxford Paperbacks.

 

Key points

• To cite a religious text you would do so as above, whether or not it is a direct quote or paraphrased.

 

 

Link to this section

 

Example citation

(Bridgstock, 2009, cited in Cottrell, 2015) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Bridgstock, 2009, cited in Cottrell, 2015:276)

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Reference elements

In your reference list you only need to reference the source of information you have consulted, be this a book, article, webpage etc. In the above example you would enter the source by Cottrell in your reference list and not Bridgstock.

 

Cottrell, S. (2015) Skills for success: personal development and employability. 3rd ed., London: Palgrave Macmillan.

 

Key points

• When citing within the text, you need to include the surname of the author whose idea you are using and the surname of the author of the book/journal from which you found the information.
• When using a direct quote which is a secondary reference, you also need to include a page number in the citation. This should be the page number of the source you have consulted and not the page number of the original source.
• When referencing a secondary source, you only need to mention the author/s of the source (be it a book, journal, online article etc.) where the information was found and not the author whose idea you cited.

 

 

Link to this section

 

Example citation

(IBM Corporation, 2016) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’ (IBM Corporation, 2016:online)

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Reference elements

Software developer/owner. (year of release) Title of software (in italics). Version/edition number. [Software] Place of publication/production: Publisher. [Access date] download URL if available

Example reference

IBM Corporation. (2016) SPSS Statistics. Version 24. [Software] New York: IBM Corporation. [Accessed on 30th March 2017]

 

 

Link to this section

 

Citation elements

The artist, and the year the song was released.

Example citation

(Lennon, 1971) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Lennon, 1971:1min 5)

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Referencing a song from a single (A or B sides)

Reference elements

Artist’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of release) ‘Title of song.’ Title of single (in italics). [format, medium] Location of record label: Record label.

Example reference

Lennon, J. (1971) ‘Working class hero.’ Imagine. [single, vinyl record] UK: Apple.

 

Referencing a song from an album

Reference elements

Artist’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of release) ‘Title of song.’ Title of album (in italics). [format, medium] Location of record label: Record label.

Example reference

Lennon, J. (1971) ‘Imagine.’ Imagine. [album, vinyl record] UK: Apple.

 

Referencing an entire album

Reference elements

Artist’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of release) Title of album (in italics). [format, medium] Location of record label: Record label.

Example reference

Lennon, J. (1971) Imagine. [album, CD] UK: Apple.

 

 

Link to this section

 

Check the relevant reference type in this guide for instruction on what to use when no author’s name is provided on the source.

In many cases the organisation’s name is used in place of the author, for example, for online sources such as webpages.

In some instances the publication title is used in place of the author, for example journal articles and newspaper articles, where no author/reporter’s name is present.

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Anonymous and Anon

Where ‘Anon’ or ‘Anonymous’ are clearly stated on the source of information, use this in place of the author.

Example reference

Anonymous. (1996) Primary colors: a novel of politics. New York: Vintage.

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Author unknown

There may be rare instances where no author's name is present, the information was not produced by an organisation, the reference type does not specify using the publication title in place of the author, or Anon/Anonymous is not clearly stated on the source. You may come across this in both printed and online sources. In these instances, you should state ‘Author unknown’ in place of the author.

 

 

Link to this section

 

Example citation

(British Standards Institution, 2008) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (British Standards Institution, 2008:21)

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Reference elements

Name of authorising organisation. (Year of Publication) Identifying letters and numbers and full title of Standard (in italics). Place of publication: Publisher.

Example reference

British Standards Institution. (2008) BS 9999:2008 Code of practice for fire safety in the design, management and use of buildings. Milton Keynes: BSI.

 

 

Link to this section

 

Example citation

The 2014 Food Information Regulations, OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, The 2014 Food Information Regulations (2014:27)

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Reference elements

The title of Statutory Instrument (also known as Orders, Rules and Regulations) and year. (The SI number) Place of publication: Publisher

Example reference

The Food Information Regulations 2014. (SI 1855) Norwich: TSO.

 

 

Link to this section

 

Example citation

(Michelessi and Lindsley, 2016) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Michelessi and Lindsley, 2016:8)

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Reference elements

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of review) ‘Title of review.’ Title of database (in Italics), Issue number:article number, first and last page numbers of review article. [Online] [Date accessed] URL

Example reference

Michelessi, M. and Lindsley, K. (2016) ‘Peripheral iridotomy for pigmentary glaucoma.’ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 2:CD005644, pp. 1-33. [Online] [Accessed on 7th April 2016] http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.mmu.ac.uk/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005655.pub2/pdf

 

 

Link to this section

 

Translated book

Example citation

(Siohan,1959) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Siohan,1959:51)

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Reference elements

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication of original work) Title of book (in italics). Translated by Initial/s. Surname of translator, year of translated publication. Place of publication: Publisher.

Example reference

Siohan, R. (1959) Stravinsky. Translated by E. W. White, 1965. London: Calder and Boyars Ltd.

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Translated book with editor

Example citation

(Vygotsky,1934) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Vygotsky,1934:84)

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Reference elements

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication of original work) Title of book (in italics). Translated by Initial/s. Surname of translator, year of translated publication. Surname of editor/s, initial./s. (ed/s.) (Year if different to translated year) Place of publication: Publisher.

Example reference

Vygotsky, L. S. (1934) Thought and language. Translated by E. Hanfmann and G. Vakar, 1962. Kozulin, A. (ed.) (2012) Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

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Translated book with Introduction/section written by another author

Example citation

(Thurman, 2010) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Thurman, 2010:xv)

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Reference elements

Surname of author/s who wrote introduction, initial/s. (Year of publication) 'Title of Introduction/section.' In (in italics) Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication of original work) Title of book (in italics). Translated by Initial/s. Surname of translator, year of translated publication. Place of publication: Publisher.

Example reference

Thurman, J. (2010) ‘Introduction.’ In Beauvoir, S. de. (1949) The second sex. Translated by C. Borde and S. Malovany-Chevallier, 2010. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, pp. ix-xvi.

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Translated journal article

Reference elements

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of journal article.’ Translated by Initial/s. Surname of translator, year of translated publication. Title of journal (in italics), Volume number(Issue number) first and last page numbers of whole journal article.

Example reference

Bourdieu, P. (1988) ‘Vive la crise!: for heterodoxy in social science.’ Translated by L. J. D. Wacquant, 1987. Theory and Society, 17(5) pp. 773-787.

 

 

Link to this section

 

Citation example

(Hillsborough, 2013)

For further instruction on citing from a broadcast, including using direct quotes, see the FAQ on ‘Citing someone who is not the author of the source’.

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Reference elements

‘Title of episode.’ (if applicable) Title of series/programme. (Year) Medium, either [Television] or [Radio] Television or radio channel, time and date of broadcast.

Example reference

‘Hillsborough – how they buried the truth.’ Panorama. (2013) [Television] BBC1, 21:00 20^th May 2013.

 

Key points

• You must state the title and year when citing information taken from a broadcast. This can be either the title of the episode or the title of the programme, whichever is listed first in the reference.
• When citing, if the title of the broadcast is long, you need to use the full title the first time you refer to it in your assignment. However, the title can be abbreviated from then on, as in the Hillsborough example above.
• Sometimes when citing from a broadcast, you may be citing what someone has said in broadcast. In this instance, you need to present your citation differently, including introducing the ‘speaker/s’ name in your writing. Please see the FAQ on ‘Citing someone who is not the author of the source’ for further instruction.
• When using a quote direct, you also need to include the time at which the words were spoken in the television or radio broadcast.

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Variants

 

A film broadcast on television

Reference elements

Title of film. (Year of production) Director. [Television] Television channel, time and date of broadcast.

Example

Slumdog Millionaire. (2008) Directed by D. Boyle. and L. Tandan. [Television] Channel 4, 21:25 4^th December 2010.

 

Key points

• When referencing a film that has been broadcast on television, the Director of the film must also be included in the reference, as shown in the example above.

 

A television or radio broadcast accessed online

Reference elements

‘Title of episode.’ (if applicable) Title of series/programme. (Year of production) [Online] Television or radio channel, time and date of broadcast. Available through (online provider). [Date accessed]

Example

Britain on Film. (2013) [Online] BBC4, 20.00 6^th August 2013. Available through Box of Broadcasts. [Accessed on 1st September 2013]

 

Key points

• For television or radio broadcasts accessed online, state the medium as [Online] and also state the online provider and the date it was accessed, as shown in the example above.

 

 

Link to this section

 

UN documents

UN documents can include statements, resolutions, treaties (also known as agreements, conventions and protocols). Follow the format as below, including the appropriate elements where available.

Reference elements

Name of UN department/assembly/council. (Year) Title of document (in italics). Full date adopted/signed (if applicable), reference/resolution number (if applicable).

Example reference

UN General Assembly. (1948) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 10th December 1948, A/RES/217(III).

 

UN documents accessed online

Reference elements

Name of UN department/assembly/council. (Year) Title of document (in italics). Full date adopted/signed (if applicable), reference/resolution number (if applicable). [Online] [Access date] URL

Example reference

UN General Assembly. (1989) Convention on the Rights of the Child. 20th November 1989, Res/44/25. [Online] [Accessed on 2nd February 2017] http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/crc.pdf

 

 

Link to this section

 

Example citation (author present)

(Rohrer, 2013) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Rohrer, 2013:online)

Example citation (no author)

(Barnardos, 2013) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Barnardos, 2013:online)

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Reference elements

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of page (in italics). Name of organisation if applicable. [Online] [Date accessed] URL

OR

Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title of page (in italics). [Online] [Date accessed] URL

 

Example references

Rohrer, F. (2013) The unwinnable game. BBC. [Online] [Accessed on 25th November 2013] http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-25032298

Barnardos. (2013) Poorest parents need extra help with childcare costs. [Online] [Accessed on 13th November 2013] http://www.barnardos.org.uk/news/Poorest_parents_need_extra_help_with_childcare_costs_ /latest-news.htm?ref=93409

BBC News Graphics @BBCNewsGraphics. (2018) Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg is answering US senators' questions... 11th April. BBC News. [Online] [Accessed on 12th April 2018] https://twitter.com/BBCNewsGraphics/status/984101706341474305

 

Key points

• If there is no author given use the organisation’s name instead.
• If there is no publication date state no date in place of the year.
• The date (Day and Month) is required for blogs and social media posts, as shown in third example above

 

 

Link to this section

 

Example citation

(Gilpin et al, 2006) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Gilpin et al, 2006:27)

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Working paper - online copy

 

Reference elements

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of paper (in italics). Organisation/Department name working paper number. Place of publication: Publisher. [Online] [Date accessed] URL

Example reference

Gilpin, N., Henty, S., Lemos, M., Portes, J. and Bullen, C. (2006) The impact of free movement of workers from Central and Eastern Europe on the UK labour market. Department for Work and Pensions Working Paper no. 29. Norwich: HMSO. [Online] [Accessed on 3rd March 2016] http://is.muni.cz/el/1456/jaro2006/PETPPZ/um/1293746/the_impact_of_free_movement_of_workers_from_CEEC_on_UK_labou_market.pdf

 

Working paper - print copy

 

Reference elements

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of paper (in italics). Organisation/Department name working paper number. Place of publication: Publisher.

Example reference

Gilpin, N., Henty, S., Lemos, M., Portes, J. and Bullen, C. (2006) The impact of free movement of workers from Central and Eastern Europe on the UK labour market. Department for Work and Pensions Working Paper no. 29. Norwich: HMSO.

 

 

Link to this section

 

Original work of art

Example citations

(Lowry, 1936)

OR

(de Chirico, c.1914)

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Reference elements

Artist’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of production) Title (in italics). Medium, Size (if given), Location of exhibition.

Example reference

de Chirico, G. (c.1914) Portrait of Apollinaire as a Premonition. Oil on canvas, 81.5 x 65cm, National Museum of Modern Art, Pompidou Centre, Paris.

 

Key points

• To cite a work of art in your assignment you may include the title of the work, as well as the artist’s name and date of creation if it is important to the point you are making.
• Include the abbreviation c. if this is how the date is given in an exhibition catalogue or other source. This stands for ‘circa’ and is used when the exact date of creation is not known by art historians.

 

Original work of art showing in a temporary exhibition

Example citation

(Parker, 2007)

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Reference elements

Artist’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of production) Title (in italics). Medium, Size (if given), at: Location of exhibition. Dates of exhibition.

Example reference

Parker, C. (2007) Bullet Drawing. Lead from a bullet drawn into wire, at: Whitechapel Laboratory, Whitechapel Art Gallery. 13th February–30th March 2008.

 

Art exhibition

To reference a whole exhibition, there needs to be attribution to the artist or curator (if different works).

Example citation

Note: If a curator's name is not evident, use the exhibition title in place of curator.

 

(Carden-Coyne, 2014)

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Note: If a curator's name is not evident, use the exhibition title in italics in place of curator.

 

Reference elements

Artist/curator surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of exhibition) Title of exhibition (in italics). Location of exhibition. Dates of exhibition.

 

Example reference

Carden-Coyne, A. (2014) The sensory war 1914-2014. Exhibition at the Manchester Art Gallery, Manchester. 11th October 2014 to 22nd February 2015.

 

Reproduction of a Work of art in another source

Citation elements

The artist, the year the work was produced, the author and date of the source and the page number, or, online.

Example citation

(Klee, 1929 in Partsch, 2000:47)

(Hicks, 1862 in Art UK, no date:online)

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Reproduction in a book

Reference elements

Artist’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of production) ‘Title of work.’ Medium, Size (if given). In: Author's/Editor's surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of book (in italics). Edition if applicable., Page number. Place of publication: Publisher.

Example reference

Klee, P. (1929) ‘Old Man Calculating.’ Etching on copper, 29.9x23.7cm. In: Partsch, S. (2000) Klee. p. 47. Koln: Taschen.

 

Reproduction on a webpage

Reference elements

Artist’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of production) ‘Title of work.’ Medium, Size (if given). In: Author's surname/s, Initial/s. or, organisation name. (Year of publication) Title of webpage (in italics). [Online] [Access date] URL

Example reference

Hicks, G. E. (1862) ‘Changing homes.’ Oil on Canvas, 89 x 150 cm. In: Art UK. (no date) Artworks: changing homes. [Online] [Accessed on 27th March 2017] https://www.artuk.org/discover/artworks/changing-homes-133025