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Manchester Metropolitan University has a standard version of the Harvard referencing style called MMU Harvard.
The MMU Harvard style requires you to reference each type of information source (eg book, article, webpage etc) in a standard way.
The 'MMU Harvard reference types A-Z' section below provides examples of how to cite and reference a wide range of information source types.
Please also consult the Citations section for instruction on how to present citations.
Our referencing FAQs provide further instruction on referencing and how to identify sources.
If you are using a referencing management software other than Endnote to help with formatting your references, please ensure you check your references against the examples provided in the MMU Harvard guide.
You can also download the full MMU Harvard Referencing Guide as a PDF:
The quick guide provides instruction on citing and how to reference a few key sources.
If you do not find the answer you need in the sections below or require help with identifying the source to reference, our referencing FAQs may provide some guidance.
Acts of parliament
The 1996 Housing Act OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, the 1996 Housing Act (1996:13)
Charities Act 1960. (8&9 Eliz. 2, c.58) London: HMSO.
Annual reports
App content
Direct quotes: The originator of the app, the year the app was released and the word app.
(Morgan, 2012) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Morgan, 2012:app)
Owner/creator. (Year (Use year accessed if release date is not available)). ‘Title of app content.’ Publisher or Producer (if ascertainable). Title of app (in italics).Version number. [App] [Date accessed]
Morgan, J. (2012) ‘Business marketing lecture.’ Duke University. iTunes-U. Version 1.9.11. [App] [Accessed on 25th January 2012]
Apps
(Skyscape, 2010) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Skyscape, 2010:app)
Originator/s. (Year) (Use year accessed if release date is not available) Title of app. (in italics) Version number (if known). [App] [Date accessed]
Skyscape. (2010) Skyscape medical resources. Version 1.9.11. [App] [Accessed on 18th January 2011]
Archive material
The surname of the author of the material and the year.
(Davies, 1992) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Davies, 1992:32)
Archive material can be various types of source material and as such, the format may differ depending on the type of material. When referencing archive material, the archive collection details are just as important as the details of the material itself.
Davis, D. (1992) 'This wonderful life.' Broadsheet, 9(3) pp. 29-34. National Association for the Teaching of Drama Archive. [Online] [Accessed on 21st April 2017] https://www.mantleoftheexpert.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/NATD.v.9.3-1993.pdf
Freud, S. (1934) Postcard to Saul Rosenzweig. Sigmund Freud papers: general correspondence, 1871-1996. Library of Congress Digital Collections. [Online] [Accessed on 20th April 2017] https://www.loc.gov/resource/mss39990.04022/?sp=2
Heathcote, D. (no date) Some very early notes on Mantle of the Expert (AC115-DH). [Annotated typescript] Dorothy Heathcote Archive. [Online] [Accessed on 24th April 2017] https://www.mantleoftheexpert.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/AC115-DH-Some-very-early-notes-on-moe.pdf
Bills
Homelessness Reduction Bill. (2016) House of Commons. (Bill 7 2016-2017) London: TSO.
Children and Social Work Bill. (2017) House of Lords. (Bill 121 2016-2017) London: TSO.
Books/eBooks
(Cottrell, 2011) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Cottrell, 2011:97)
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of book (in italics). Edition if applicable., Place of publication: Publisher.
Cottrell, S. (2011) Critical thinking skills: developing effective analysis and argument. 2nd ed., Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Briefing papers
(Baker, 2017) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Baker, 2017:6)
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of paper (in italics). Organisation/department name briefing paper number. Place of publication: Publisher. [Online] [Access date] URL
Baker, C. (2017) Accident and emergency statistics: demand, performance and pressure. House of Commons Library Briefing Paper no. 6964. London: House of Commons Library. [Online] [Accessed on 3rd April 2017] https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN06964/SN06964.pdf
Business cases
(Lawrence, 2020) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Lawrence, 2020:4)
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year) Title of case (in italics). Case collection and/or number (if applicable). Place of publication: Publisher. [Online] [Access date] URL
Lawrence, K. (2020) Was McDonald’s right to fire its CEO? London: SAGE Business Cases Originals. [Online] [Accessed on 20th July 2020] https://sk-sagepub-com.mmu.idm.oclc.org/cases/was-mcdonalds-right-to-fire-its-ceo
Orradottir, B., Barrio, I. C. and Boyaninska, D. (2019) From bare to birch: large-scale ecosystem restoration in Iceland. Case no. 719-0053-1. Rotterdam: RSM Case Development Centre. [Online] [Accessed on 20th July 2020] https://www.thecasecentre.org/educators/products/view?id=165870
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year) Title of case (in italics). Case collection and/or number (if applicable). Place of publication: Publisher.
Steenburgh, T. J. and Avery, J. (2010) Marketing analysis toolkit: situation analysis. Harvard Business School Case No. 510-079. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing.
Case Law
(Alternative Power Solution Ltd v Central Electricity Board, 2014) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Alternative Power Solution Ltd v Central Electricity Board, 2014:884)
Party Names (separated by a ‘v’ and in italics) [Year the case was heard] Volume number (if available) Law Report abbreviation Start page.
Alternative Power Solution Ltd v Central Electricity Board. [2014] 4 All ER 882.
Mountgarrett (Rt Hon Viscount) v Claro Water Board. (1963) 15 P & CR 53.
Chapter in an edited book
Use this format when you are using an edited book where the chapters are written by different authors.
Note: The author whose surname you use will be the chapter’s author, not the editor of the book.
(Dickson, 2006) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Dickson, 2006:167)
Surname of the author/s who wrote the chapter, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of the chapter.’ In (in italics) Surname of the editor/s, Initial/s. (ed/s.) Title of book (in italics). Edition if applicable., Place of publication: Publisher, first and last page numbers of the chapter.
Dickson, D. (2006) ‘Reflecting.’ In Hargie, O. (ed.) The handbook of communication skills. 3rd ed., London: Routledge, pp. 165-194.
If the publication date of the chapter is different to the publication date of the book, you need to include both dates in your reference, as follows:
Surname of the author/s who wrote the chapter, Initial/s. (Year of publication of chapter) ‘Title of the chapter.’ In (in italics) Surname of the editor/s, Initial/s. (ed/s.) (Year of publication of book) Title of book (in italics). Edition if applicable., Place of publication: Publisher, first and last page numbers of the chapter.
Debord, G. (1955) ‘Introduction to a critique of urban geography.’ In Di Mauro, S. E. and Bauder, H. (eds.) (2008) Critical geographies: a collection of readings. Canada: Praxis Press, pp. 23-27.
Company data/reports from company financial databases
(Bureau van Dijk, 2015) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Bureau van Dijk, 2015:online)
Name of organisation (owner of database). (Year of report) Title of report. Title of database. (in italics) [Online] [Date accessed] URL
Bureau van Dijk. (2015) Arcadia Group Limited company report. FAME. [Online] [Accessed on 15th July 2015] https://fame-bvdinfo-com.ezproxy.mmu.ac.uk/version-201572/Search.QuickSearch.serv?_CID=1&context=1NQ68UOWXT7ZWPY
Company reports
Follow the format for an Annual report when using information from a company report which has been produced and published by the company itself.
Computer/video games
(Ubisoft, 2011)
Creator/Developer. (Year of release) Title (in italics). Edition or Version (if applicable). Platform. [Game] Place of publication/distribution: Publisher/Distribution company.
Ubisoft. (2010) Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood. Standard edition. Xbox. [Game] Montreal: Ubisoft.
Creator/Developer. (Year of release) Title (in italics). Edition or Version (if applicable). Platform. [Game] [Access date] URL
Blue Byte Mainz. (2015) Anno 2205. Standard edition. PC. [Game] [Accessed on 1st August 2016] https://store.ubi.com/uk/anno-2205/56c4947888a7e300458b4570.html#start=29
Conference papers (published and unpublished) and conference proceedings
A published conference paper is a paper which has been published in the conference proceedings of that particular conference.
Surname of author of paper and the year
(Kuznetsov and Kutnetsova, 2001) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Kuznetsov and Kutnetsova, 2001:480)
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of conference paper.’ In (in italics) Name of organisation. Title of conference (including number of annual conference if given) (in italics). Volume number if applicable. Location of conference (venue, city), date of conference. Editor’s (or Chair’s) Surname/s, Initial/s. (ed/s.) (if given) Place of publication: Publisher, first and last page numbers of paper.
Kuznetsov, A. and Kuznetsova, O. (2001) ‘The progress of market culture in Russia and managerial response.’ In Academy of International Business. Proceedings of the 28th annual conference of the Academy of International Business (UK chapter) International business in the 21st century: change and continuity - strategies, institutions, regulations and operations. Vol. 1. Manchester Metropolitan University Business School, Manchester, 6th–7th April 2001. McDonald, F. and Tuselman, H. (eds.) Manchester: Manchester Metropolitan University Business School, pp. 471-488.
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of conference paper.’ In (in italics) Name of organisation. Title of conference (including number of annual conference if given) (in italics). Volume number if applicable. Location of conference (venue, city), date of conference. Editor’s (or Chair’s) Surname/s, Initial/s. (ed/s.) (if given) Place of publication: Publisher, first and last page numbers of paper. [Online] [Access date] URL
Brookes, A. and Clark, C. (2001) ‘Narrative dimensions of transformative learning.’ In Adult Education Research Conference. Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Adult Education Research Conference. Michigan State University, East Lansang, MI, 1st – 3rd June 2001, pp. 1-7. [Online] [Accessed on 3rd April 2018] https://newprairiepress.org/aerc/2001/papers/12/
Author’s surname/s, initial/s. (Year of conference) Title of paper (in italics). [Type of document] Title of conference, Location of conference (venue, city), date of conference. [Online] [Access date] URL
Woods, L. (2018) How do computing students use the library? [PowerPoint presentation] Librarians’ Information Literacy Annual Conference, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, 4th April [Online] [Accessed on 13th May 2019] https://www.slideshare.net/infolit_group/how-docomputing-students-use-the-library-woods
Surname of presenter of paper and the year
(Meagher, 2007) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Meagher, 2007:presentation)
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of conference) ‘Title of paper.’ Paper presented at: Title of conference (in italics). Location of conference (venue, city), date of conference.
Meagher, K. (2007) ‘The importance of public affairs in the business training sector.’ Paper presented at: The Regional Public Affairs Conference: giving the North a voice in Westminster: adding value through public affairs. Manchester Metropolitan University Business School, Manchester, 20th March.
Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title of conference (including number of annual conference if given) (in italics). Volume number if applicable. Location of conference (venue, city), date of conference. Editor’s (or Chair’s) Surname/s, Initial/s. (ed/s.)(if given) Place of publication: Publisher.
Academy of International Business. (2001) Proceedings of the 28th annual conference of the Academy of International Business (UK chapter) International business in the 21st century: change and continuity - strategies, institutions, regulations and operations. Vol. 1. Manchester Metropolitan University Business School, Manchester, 6th-7th April 2001. McDonald, F. and Tuselman, H. (eds.) Manchester: Manchester Metropolitan University Business School.
Dictionary definition
You do not always need to cite and reference a dictionary definition. Whether you need to or not will depend on the type of dictionary and/or how you are using the definition in your work.
Please see the FAQ: How do I reference a dictionary definition? for further instruction.
Discussion papers
(Duncan and Trejo, 2011) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Duncan and Trejo, 2011:8)
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of paper (in italics). Organisation name discussion paper number. Place of publication: Publisher. [Online] [Date accessed] URL
Duncan, B. and Trejo, S. J. (2011) Low-skilled immigrants and the U.S. labor market. IZA Discussion Paper no. 5964. Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor. [Online] [Accessed on 3rd March 2016] http://ftp.iza.org/dp5964.pdf
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of paper (in italics). Organisation name discussion paper number. Place of publication: Publisher.
Duncan, B. and Trejo, S. J. (2011) Low-skilled immigrants and the U.S. labor market. IZA Discussion Paper no. 5964. Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor.
Dissertations/theses
(Strokosch, 2012) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Strokosch, 2012:167)
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of submission) Title of thesis (in italics). Degree statement. Name of the awarding institution. [Online] [Accessed date] URL
Strokosch, K. (2012) Understanding the co-production of public services: the case of asylum seekers in Glasgow. Ph.D. The University of Edinburgh. [Online] [Accessed on 9th September 2019] https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/7885
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of submission) Title of thesis (in italics). Degree statement. Name of the awarding institution.
Gillen, J. K. (1998) An investigation into young children’s telephone discourse. Ph.D. Manchester Metropolitan University.
eBook readers
Direct quotes: Author, year:page/location/chapter [whichever is available]
(Burrows, 2009) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Burrows, 2009:loc 23)
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of book (in italics). Edition if applicable., [name of ebook reader] Place of publication: Publisher.
Burrows, A., Parsons, A., Price, G. and Pilling, G. (2009) Chemistry³: introducing inorganic, organic and physical chemistry. [Kindle Fire] Oxford: Oxford University Press.
EU documents/legislation
EU legislation is also known as regulations, directives, or decisions
When citing legislation you must include the type, number and year of the piece of legislation. The order the legislation number and year appear in the citation should follow the order they appear on the legislation document, as shown in the examples below:
(Council Regulation, 1907/2006) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Council Regulation, 1907/2006:45)
(Council Directive, 2014/94) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Council Directive, 2014/94:15)
Legislation type. Legislation number and title. Publication details, including journal title volume (in italics) and date and page numbers.
Council Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) establishing a European Chemicals Agency. Official Journal L 396, 30/12/2006 pp. 1 – 849.
Council Directive 2014/94/EU of 22 October 2014 on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure. Official Journal L 307, 28/10/2014 pp. 1 – 20.
Excel file
(Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy, 2020)
Please note: You do not need to treat citing data from an excel spreadsheet as a direct quote. Therefore, you do not need to use single quotation marks, or a page number in the bracketed citation. Instead, add additional information in the reference, if required, to help direct the reader to the specific data used
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. or Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title of file (in italics). (Title of tab/section title) Name of organisation (if not already included as the author). [Online] [Date accessed] URL
Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy. (2020) Trade union membership statistics 2019: tables. (Table 1.1) [Online] [Accessed on 22nd June 2020] https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/trade-union-statistics-2019
Exhibition catalogues
Films/DVDs/Videos
For an example of how to reference this source, refer to the relevant format/medium used to access the source, from the examples below.
(The Terminator, 1984)
For further instruction on citing from a film, including using direct quotes, see the FAQ on ‘Citing someone who is not the author of the source’.
(Hitchcock: the early years, 2001)
For further instruction on citing from a film, including using direct quotes, see the FAQ on ‘Citing someone who is not the author of the source’
Foreign language sources
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article.’ (English translation of article title.) Title of newspaper (in italics). [Online] Date of publication. [Date accessed] URL
El País. (2015) ‘La Semana Santa con más turistas de los últimos ocho años.’ (The Holy Week with the most tourists in the past eight years.) El País. [Online] 7th April. [Accessed on 19th December 2017] https://elpais.com/ccaa/2015/04/07/andalucia/1428434394_012889.html
General reports
NB: for information on citing and referencing Market reports or Annual reports refer to the sections for these sources.
Lowden, K., Hall, S., Elliot, D. and Lewin, J. (2011) Employers’ perceptions of the employability skills of new graduates. London: Edge Foundation.
ECOTEC. (2003) Guidance on mapping social enterprise: final report to the DTI Social Enterprise Unit. London: ECOTEC Research and Consulting Ltd. (C2453)
NB: if the report you are using is a PDF you have located online, please see section for 'Online PDF document'
(RIBA, 2011) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (RIBA, 2011:online)
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. or Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title of report (in italics). [Online] [Date accessed] URL
RIBA. (2011) Good design – it all adds up. [Online] [Accessed on 24th April 2012] http://www.architecture.com/Files/RIBAHoldings/PolicyAndInternationalRelations/Policy/Gooddesignitalladdsup.pdf
Government command papers
Guest presentation
(Jones, 2012) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Jones, 2012:presentation)
Author‘s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of presentation) Title of lecture (in italics). Name of institution where the presentation has taken place, city of presentation, date of presentation.
Jones, R. (2012) The future of IT and Library Services. Presentation at Wessex University, Wessex, 10th January.
Illustrations: e.g. images, pictures, diagrams, graphs, charts or tables
When using an illustration from a source, you will have to refer to it three times within your work: a caption underneath the illustration; a citation within the main body of your text to explain why you have included the illustration in your work; and an entry in your reference list.
You will usually have to give the illustration a title; this can be your own words or quoted from the original text. As these types of illustrations are exact reproductions you will always need a page number (or the word online for sources without a page number, such as sources found online).
Figure 1: Water usage in the North West 2010-2013 (Source: Defra, 2014:online)
Figure 1 showing water usage in the North West from 2010 to 2013 (Defra, 2014:online) demonstrates....
The reference will depend on the type of source you have used. Please refer to the relevant section depending on whether you have used a book, journal article etc.
For an illustration that you have adapted from the original, you should include a caption and an entry in your reference list.
The caption should include a title for the illustration, a citation for the original source and also indicate that it has been adapted, as shown in the examples below.
Figure 1: Water usage in the North West 2010-2013 (Source: [adapted from] Defra, 2014:online)
The word online should be included in the caption, as shown above.
Figure 1: Water usage in the North West 2010-2013 (Source: [adapted from] Defra, 2014:20)
The page number i.e. 20 should be included in the caption, as shown above.
When referring to the adapted figure in the main body of your text, you do not need to include a citation.
In your reference list, you will need to include the reference for the original source by following the guidance in the relevant section of the guide for the type of source used.
For a Work of Art reproduced in a book see the entry for ‘Reproduction in a book’ under the Works of Art section.
Journal articles
PLEASE NOTE: In most cases, an electronic journal article is referenced in the same way as a print copy of the article. This is because most electronic journals are simply scanned copies of the print version, therefore please follow the format below
(Barnes and Brannelly, 2008) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Barnes and Brannelly, 2008:32)
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of journal article.’ Title of journal (in italics), Volume number(Issue number) first and last page numbers of whole journal article.
Barnes, M. and Brannelly, T. (2008) ‘Achieving care and social justice for people with dementia.’ Nursing Ethics, 15(3) pp. 384-395.
If there is no author’s name provided on an article use the journal title in place of the author, as shown in the example below.
Accountancy. (2009) ‘Innocent wants VAT relief on smoothies.’ Accountancy, 143(1389) p. 14.
If there is no issue number is available, use the month or season in which the journal was published, as shown in the example below.
Kitwood, T. (1988) ‘The technical, the personal, and the framing of dementia.’ Social Behaviour: an International Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 3, June, pp. 83-91.If there is no volume number is available, use the month or season in which the journal was published, as shown in the example below.
Income Data Services. (2008) 'Establishing an employer brand.' IDS HR Studies, (872) June, pp. 2-8.
PLEASE NOTE: In most cases, an electronic journal article is referenced in the same way as a print copy of the article. This is because most electronic journals are simply scanned copies of the print version.
However, there are exceptions where articles are only available online, or, appear online ahead of the print publication. If this is the case, you will be required to format the reference differently to a print journal article, using slightly different or additional elements for the full reference. This is in order to provide sufficient information so that others can find the same article.
General rules:
It is important to indicate, when referencing a journal article that appears online ahead of the print publication, that this is the case. This is because when the article is assigned to a print issue at a later date, the publication date details will change. Publishers may refer to these articles as ‘first online’, ‘online first’, ‘early view’, ‘article in press’ or ‘provisional article’ (this specific terminology should be included in the reference – see below) and at the time of access may not have volume, issue or page number details.
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of journal article.’ Title of journal (in italics). [Online] ‘First online’ (or publisher’s terminology) online publication date. [Access date] DOI: number
Watkins, L., Kuhn, M., Ledbetter-Cho, K., Gevarter, C. and O’Reilly, M. (2015) ‘Evidence-based social communication interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder.’ The Indian Journal of Pediatrics. [Online] ‘First online’ published 19th November 2015. [Accessed on 16th May 2016] DOI: 10.1007/s12098-015-1938-5
Some journal titles are only published online and are not available in print format. As such, often they do not have the same details as print journal articles, for example no issue number. If this is the case and other details are provided, such as an article number, include this instead as in the first example below.
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of journal article.’ Title of journal (in italics) , Volume number(Issue number) or Volume number:article number, first and last page numbers of whole journal article (if applicable). [Online] [Access date] DOI: or URL
McMahon, C. R. (1997) ‘Hysterical academies: Lacan's theory of the four discourses.’ Internet Journal of Language, Culture and Society, 2, pp. 1-19. [Online] [Accessed on 12th January 2016] http://www.anialian.com/Hysterical_Academies.htm
Preprint journal articles have been accepted by the journal editorial team but have not been assigned to an issue, or, published online on the journal website. These articles can be found on preprint websites.
For articles on preprint websites, that have not been accepted by a journal, see the section on Preprint articles.
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of journal article.’ Title of journal (in italics). Preprint Date (month and year) [Online] [Access date] DOI: number or URL
Fezzi, C. and Fanghella, V. (2020) ‘Real-time estimation of the short-run impact of COVID-19 on economic activity using electricity market data.’ Environmental and Resource Economics. Preprint July 2020. [Accessed on 23th July 2020] https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.03477
Journals: special issue
(Gimson, 2012)
Editor’s surname/s, initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of issue.’ [Special issue] Title of Journal (in italics), volume number(issue number).
Gimson, A. (ed.) (2012) ‘Nurturing creativity & innovation.’ [Special issue] Development and Learning in Organizations: an International Journal, 26(6).
Leaflets/Posters
(Manchester Metropolitan University, no date) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Manchester Metropolitan University, no date:leaflet)
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. or Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title or description (in italics). [Type of source e.g. leaflet or poster] Place of publication if available or location the medium was viewed: Publisher if available or date the information was viewed.
Counselling Service. (no date) Need to talk? [Leaflet] Manchester: Manchester Metropolitan University.
The National Student Survey. (no date) Be heard. [Poster] Reception area, Gaskell campus: Date viewed 29th January 2013.
If an author or organisation’s name is not present you should provide the following information in the format as follows:
Description of the source (in italics). (Year of publication) [Type of source e.g. leaflet, poster] Place of publication if available or location the medium was viewed: Publisher if available or date the information was viewed.
The Foyer-UNIAID accommodation bursaries. (2009) [Poster] Student services notice board, Didsbury campus: Date viewed 9th February 2009.
Lecture notes
PLEASE NOTE: Citing and referencing information from lecture notes is not recommended by certain courses. Please check with your programme team to clarify whether this is acceptable practice before you use this source.
(Robinson, 2004) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Robinson, 2004:1)
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of production) Title of the lecture notes (in italics). Place of publication: Publisher. Number of pages in handout, distribution date, the lecture number ‘module name’.
Robinson, J. (2004) No title. Wolverhampton: University of Wolverhampton. 3-page handout, distributed on 13th March 2005, in lecture 3 for module ‘Teaching gymnastics’.
Magazine articles
(Freud, 2019) or of using a direct quote (Freud, 2019:81)
In most instances, magazine articles are referenced as journal articles. Like journal articles, magazine articles that are accessed online and are also available in print are referenced in the same way as the print copy.
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article.’ Title of magazine (in italics), Volume number(Issue number) first and last page numbers of whole article.
Baker, S. (2000) ‘Wall Street darling to become the next billion-dollar baby.’ Apparel Industry Magazine, 61(12) p. 10.
Freud, E. (2019) 'In at the deep end.' Vogue, June, pp. 80-81.
Online magazines articles are published on the magazine’s website and often are not available in print issues, or, are a different version to the print edition. Volume and issue numbers are therefore not specified.
For online magazine articles, follow the format for an Online newspaper article, as below.
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article.’ Title of magazine (in italics). [Online] Date of publication. [Date accessed] URL
Okwodu, J. (2017) ‘Was Fall 2017 the season curves conquered the runways?’ Vogue. [Online] 6th March. [Accessed on 22nd March 2018] http://www.vogue.com/article/curve-models-fall-2017-runways-size-diversity-in-fashion
Market reports/Company and Industry profiles/Country reports
Name of research company or organisation. (Year of publication) Title of report (in italics). Date of report (month and year – if available). [Online] [Date accessed] URL
Mintel. (2012) Coffee shops: UK. February 2012. [Online] [Accessed on 14th April 2012] http://academic.mintel.com
Marketline. (2015) Adidas AG. October 2015. [Online] [Accessed on 1st October 2016] http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.mmu.ac.uk/login.aspx?direct=true&db=buh&AN=110906176&site=ehost-live
Euromonitor International. (2017) Apparel and footwear in the United Kingdom. January 2017. [Online] [Accessed on 5th January 2018] http://www.portal.euromonitor.com.ezproxy.mmu.ac.uk/portal/analysis/tab
Newspaper articles
(Moore, 2007) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Moore, 2007:3)
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article.’ Name of newspaper (in italics). Name of supplement if applicable. Date of publication. Edition if applicable, Page number of article.
Moore, S. (2007) ‘Careers are calling.’ Manchester Evening News. MEN job search supplement. 18th January. City edition, p. 3.
(Arthur, 2012) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Arthur, 2012:online)
Arthur, C. (2012) ‘YouTube loses music clip copyright battle in court.’ The Guardian. [Online] 24th April. [Accessed on 24th April 2012] http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2012/apr/20/youtube-music-clip-copyright-court
Online audio
(Owner/creator, Year) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Owner/creator, Year:mins seconds)
(UCL Institute of Education, 2018) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (UCL Institute of Education, 2018:6 mins 23)
Owner/creator surname, initial/s. (Year of publication) Title (in italics). Name of organisation (if different to owner/creator). [Online audio] [Date accessed] URL
UCL Institute of Education. (2018) What if… we really wanted to support schools facing the greatest challenge? [Online audio] [Accessed on 12th April 2018] https://soundcloud.com/ioelondon/what-if-we-really-wanted-to-support-schools-facing-the-greatest-challenge
Owner/creator surname, initial/s. (Year of publication) 'Title of episode.' Title (in italics). Name of organisation (if different to owner/creator). [Online audio] [Date accessed] URL
Mad in America. (2017) 'Lucy Johnstone: the power threat meaning framework.' Mad in America: science, psychiatry and social justice. [Online audio] [Accessed on 29th November 2018] https://itunes.apple.com/gb/podcast/mad-in-america-science-psychiatry-and-social-justice/id1212789850?mt=2&i=1000404875126
Online images
(Allison, 2007)
Creator’s surname/s, Initial/s. or Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title of image or description of image (in italics). Name of organisation (if not already stated). [Online image] [Date accessed] URL
Allison, C. (2007) Tornado picture. Oklahoma weather stock: photo and video stock by Charles Allison. [Online image] [Accessed on 16th February 2009] http://www.oklahomalightning.com/TornadoPics/TornadoPics.htm
Oxford Illustrated Science Encyclopaedia. (no date) Volcano. [Online image] [Accessed on 16th February 2009] http://www.oup.co.uk/oxed/children/oise/pictures/earth/volcano/
Online PDF documents
(Department for Education, 2014) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Department for Education, 2014:35)
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. or Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title (in italics). Edition if applicable. Place of publication if ascertainable: Publisher. [Online] [Date accessed] URL
Department for Education. (2014) The national curriculum in England: framework document. Unknown place of publication: Department for Education. [Online] [Accessed on 28th September 2017] https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/381344/Master_final_national_curriculum_28_Nov.pdf
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2011) Alcohol-use disorders: diagnosis, assessment and management of harmful drinking and alcohol dependence. CG115. Manchester: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. [Online] [Accessed on 4th January 2017] https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg115/resources/alcoholuse-disorders-diagnosis-assessment-and-management-of-harmful-drinking-and-alcohol-dependence-pdf-35109391116229
The Office for Standards in Education, Children's Services and Skills. (2015) The framework for the inspection of local authority arrangements for supporting school improvement. Manchester: The Office for Standards in Education, Children's Services and Skills. [Online] [Accessed on 27th February 2018] https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/462244/Framework_for_the_inspection_of_local_authority_arrangements_for_supporting_school_improvement.pdf
Online videos
(MMU Library Services, 2014) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (MMU Library Services, 2014:1min 56)
Owner/creator. (Year) Title (in italics). [Online video] [Date accessed] URL
MMU Library Services. (2014) How to avoid plagiarism. [Online video] [Accessed on 10th June 2014] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IicBnQl2czM
TEDx Talks. (2001) TEDxSydney: Richard Gill - The Value of Music Education. [Online video] [Accessed on 27th October 2016] https://youtu.be/HeRus3NVbwE
Parliamentary debates (Hansard)
Parliamentary Papers - online
Redfern, M., Keeling, J. and Powell, E. (2001) The Royal Liverpool Children’s Inquiry report. HC12-II. London: TSO. [Online] [Accessed on 21st March 2017] https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/250934/0012_ii.pdf
House of Commons Education Select Committee. (2010) The responsibilities of the Secretary of State: oral and written evidence taken before the Education Committee on the 28th July 2010. HC 395-i. London: TSO. [Online] [Accessed on 27th February 2017] https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmselect/cmeduc/395-i/395i.pdf
Patents
(SkyBell Technologies, 2020) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (SkyBell Technologies, 2020:1)
Applicant of patent. (Year) Title of patent (in italics). Name of inventor/s (if different to applicant). Official patent series Patent Serial Number.
SkyBell Technologies, Inc. (2015) Doorbell security and safety. Invented by Joseph Frank Scalisi. United States Patent 9,060,103 B2.
Plays
When citing from a play by paraphrasing or summarising, the information will be presented as shown below.
Playwright’s surname and the year the play was written or the year of the edition/reprint.
(Churchill, 1994)
(Shakespeare, 1995)
When citing from a play using a direct quote, the information will be presented as shown below.
Playwright’s surname, the year the play was written, or the year of the edition/reprint:act number (in Roman numerals).scene number.line number/s.
If the script is not presented with act, scene and line numbers, use the page number, as shown in the second example below.
(Shakespeare, 1995:I.4.12)
(Churchill, 1994:6)
If you are discussing more than one play by the same playwright, if appropriate, introduce the title of the play (in italics) in your writing when you first mention it, and cite as above. Subsequent citations can then include the title of the play.
(Twelfth Night:I.4.12)
(The Skriker:6)
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of the edition) Title of play (in italics). Editor’s surname/s, initial/s. (ed/s.) Edition if applicable., Place of publication: Publisher.
Shakespeare, W. (1995) Twelfth Night. Warren, R. and Wells, T. (eds.) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Churchill, C. (1994) The Skriker. London: Nick Hern Books.
Podcasts
For podcasts, follow the format for an Online audio
Poems
To reference a poem, the reference should reflect the specific source/collection in which the poem is located.
Please see our FAQ: How do I cite and reference a poem for specific instruction and examples.
Preprint articles
(Christensen, 2020) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Christensen, 2020:8)
Author/s surname, initial/s. (Year) Title of article (in italics). Preprint date (month and year). [Online] [Accessed date] URL
Christensen, T. M. (2020) Existence and uniqueness of recursive utilities without boundedness. Preprint July 2020. [Online] [Accessed on 1st August 2020] https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.00963
Press release
(Natural England, 2016) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Natural England, 2016:online)
Please note, a page number would be used in the citation for a direct quote, if the source provides page numbers. However, the example citations and reference are from press releases published on a webpage, therefore ‘online’ is used in the example citation, in place of a page number
Name of organisation/body/office. (Year of publication) Title of page (in italics). Date of press release (day and month), press release number (if available). Organisational department (if different to author). [Online] [Date accessed] URL
Office of Public Affairs. (2015) Nine FIFA officials and five corporate executives indicted for racketeering conspiracy and corruption. 27th May, press release no. 15-677. Department of Justice, US. [Online] [Accessed on 8th November 2017] https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/nine-fifa-officialsand-five-corporate-executives-indicted-racketeering-conspiracy-and
Natural England. (2016) England's largest outdoor learning project reveals children more motivated to learn when outside. 14th July. [Online] [Accessed on 26th May 2020] https://www.gov.uk/government/news/englands-largest-outdoor-learning-project-revealschildren-more-motivated-to-learn-when-outside
Religious texts
Name of religious text, Book, text marker e.g. chapter and verse.
(John, 3:16)
OR
(The Koran, The Cow, 2:238)
Full title of text, including sub-title (in italics). (Year of publication) Place of publication: Publisher.
The Bible: authorized King James version. (2008) Oxford: Oxford Paperbacks.
Secondary sources
(Bridgstock, 2009, cited in Cottrell, 2015) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Bridgstock, 2009, cited in Cottrell, 2015:276)
Cottrell, S. (2015) Skills for success: personal development and employability. 3rd ed., London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Software
Songs
The artist, and the year the song was released.
(Lennon, 1971) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Lennon, 1971:1min 5)
Sources with no author
Check the relevant reference type in this guide for instruction on what to use when no author’s name is provided on the source.
In many cases the organisation’s name is used in place of the author, for example, for online sources such as webpages.
In some instances the publication title is used in place of the author, for example journal articles and newspaper articles, where no author/reporter’s name is present.
Where ‘Anon’ or ‘Anonymous’ are clearly stated on the source of information, use this in place of the author.
Anonymous. (1996) Primary colors: a novel of politics. New York: Vintage.
There may be rare instances where no author's name is present, the information was not produced by an organisation, the reference type does not specify using the publication title in place of the author, or Anon/Anonymous is not clearly stated on the source. You may come across this in both printed and online sources. In these instances, you should state ‘Author unknown’ in place of the author.
Speech
(Thunberg, 2019) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Thunberg, 2019:online)
Please note, a page number would be used in the citation for a direct quote, if the source provides page numbers. However, this example citation is from a speech published on a webpage, therefore ‘online’ is used in place of a page number
Surname of speaker, initial/s. (Year of speech) ‘Title of speech.’ Location Delivered, Date Delivered. [Format] In Source in which speech was located.
Hancock, M. (2018) ‘Leadership within the NHS.’ Leaders in healthcare conference, 15th November. [Transcript] In Department of Health and Social Care. Speech: leadership within the NHS. [Online] [Accessed on 23rd April 2020] https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/leadership-within-thenhs
Thunberg, G. (2019) ‘You did not act in time.’ Houses of Parliament, 23rd April. [Transcript] In The Guardian. ‘‘You did not act in time': Greta Thunberg's full speech to MPs.’ The Guardian. [Online] 23th April. [Accessed on 25th April 2019] https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/apr/23/greta-thunberg-full-speech-to-mps-youdid-not-act-in-time
Thunberg, G. (2019) ‘You did not act in time.’ Houses of Parliament, 23rd April. [Online video] In WWF UK. Greta Thunberg full speech to UK Parliament: climate strikes. [Online video] [Accessed on 21st February 2020] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rYNM4rsnNFM
Standards
(British Standards Institution, 2008) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (British Standards Institution, 2008:21)
Name of authorising organisation. (Year of Publication) Identifying letters and numbers and full title of Standard (in italics). Place of publication: Publisher.
British Standards Institution. (2008) BS 9999:2008 Code of practice for fire safety in the design, management and use of buildings. Milton Keynes: BSI.
Statutory Instruments
The 2014 Food Information Regulations, OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, The 2014 Food Information Regulations (2014:27)
The title of Statutory Instrument (also known as Orders, Rules and Regulations) and year. (The SI number) Place of publication: Publisher
The Food Information Regulations 2014. (SI 1855) Norwich: TSO.
Systematic review - Cochrane
Translated source
(Siohan,1959) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Siohan,1959:51)
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication of original work) Title of book (in italics). Translated by Initial/s. Surname of translator, year of translated publication. Place of publication: Publisher.
Siohan, R. (1959) Stravinsky. Translated by E. W. White, 1965. London: Calder and Boyars Ltd.
(Vygotsky,1934) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Vygotsky,1934:84)
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication of original work) Title of book (in italics). Translated by Initial/s. Surname of translator, year of translated publication. Surname of editor/s, initial./s. (ed/s.) (Year if different to translated year) Place of publication: Publisher.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1934) Thought and language. Translated by E. Hanfmann and G. Vakar, 1962. Kozulin, A. (ed.) (2012) Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
(Thurman, 2010) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Thurman, 2010:xv)
Surname of author/s who wrote introduction, initial/s. (Year of publication) 'Title of Introduction/section.' In (in italics) Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication of original work) Title of book (in italics). Translated by Initial/s. Surname of translator, year of translated publication. Place of publication: Publisher.
Thurman, J. (2010) ‘Introduction.’ In Beauvoir, S. de. (1949) The second sex. Translated by C. Borde and S. Malovany-Chevallier, 2010. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, pp. ix-xvi.
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of journal article.’ Translated by Initial/s. Surname of translator, year of translated publication. Title of journal (in italics), Volume number(Issue number) first and last page numbers of whole journal article.
Bourdieu, P. (1988) ‘Vive la crise!: for heterodoxy in social science.’ Translated by L. J. D. Wacquant, 1987. Theory and Society, 17(5) pp. 773-787.
TV and radio broadcasts
(Hillsborough, 2013)
For further instruction on citing from a broadcast, including using direct quotes, see the FAQ on ‘Citing someone who is not the author of the source’.
‘Title of episode.’ (if applicable) Title of series/programme. (Year) Medium, either [Television] or [Radio] Television or radio channel, time and date of broadcast.
‘Hillsborough – how they buried the truth.’ Panorama. (2013) [Television] BBC1, 21:00 20th May 2013.
UN documents
Webpage (including blogs and social media sites)
(Rohrer, 2013) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Rohrer, 2013:online)
(Barnardos, 2013) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Barnardos, 2013:online)
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of page (in italics). Name of organisation if applicable. [Online] [Date accessed] URL
OR
Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title of page (in italics). [Online] [Date accessed] URL
Rohrer, F. (2013) The unwinnable game. BBC. [Online] [Accessed on 25th November 2013] http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-25032298
Barnardos. (2013) Poorest parents need extra help with childcare costs. [Online] [Accessed on 13th November 2013] http://www.barnardos.org.uk/news/Poorest_parents_need_extra_help_with_childcare_costs_ /latest-news.htm?ref=93409
BBC News Graphics @BBCNewsGraphics. (2018) Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg is answering US senators' questions... 11th April. BBC News. [Online] [Accessed on 12th April 2018] https://twitter.com/BBCNewsGraphics/status/984101706341474305
Working papers
(Gilpin et al, 2006) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Gilpin et al, 2006:27)
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of paper (in italics). Organisation/Department name working paper number. Place of publication: Publisher. [Online] [Date accessed] URL
Gilpin, N., Henty, S., Lemos, M., Portes, J. and Bullen, C. (2006) The impact of free movement of workers from Central and Eastern Europe on the UK labour market. Department for Work and Pensions Working Paper no. 29. Norwich: HMSO. [Online] [Accessed on 3rd March 2016] http://is.muni.cz/el/1456/jaro2006/PETPPZ/um/1293746/the_impact_of_free_movement_of_workers_from_CEEC_on_UK_labou_market.pdf
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of paper (in italics). Organisation/Department name working paper number. Place of publication: Publisher.
Gilpin, N., Henty, S., Lemos, M., Portes, J. and Bullen, C. (2006) The impact of free movement of workers from Central and Eastern Europe on the UK labour market. Department for Work and Pensions Working Paper no. 29. Norwich: HMSO.
Works of art
(Lowry, 1936)
OR
(de Chirico, c.1914)
Artist’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of production) Title (in italics). Medium, Size (if given), Location of exhibition.
de Chirico, G. (c.1914) Portrait of Apollinaire as a Premonition. Oil on canvas, 81.5 x 65cm, National Museum of Modern Art, Pompidou Centre, Paris.
(Parker, 2007)
Artist’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of production) Title (in italics). Medium, Size (if given), at: Location of exhibition. Dates of exhibition.
Parker, C. (2007) Bullet Drawing. Lead from a bullet drawn into wire, at: Whitechapel Laboratory, Whitechapel Art Gallery. 13th February–30th March 2008.
To reference a whole exhibition, there needs to be attribution to the artist or curator (if different works).
(Carden-Coyne, 2014)
Artist/curator surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of exhibition) Title of exhibition (in italics). Location of exhibition. Dates of exhibition.
Carden-Coyne, A. (2014) The sensory war 1914-2014. Exhibition at the Manchester Art Gallery, Manchester. 11th October 2014 to 22nd February 2015.
The artist, the year the work was produced, the author and date of the source and the page number, or, online.
(Klee, 1929 in Partsch, 2000:47)
(Hicks, 1862 in Art UK, no date:online)
Artist’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of production) ‘Title of work.’ Medium, Size (if given). In: Author's/Editor's surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of book (in italics). Edition if applicable., Page number. Place of publication: Publisher.
Klee, P. (1929) ‘Old Man Calculating.’ Etching on copper, 29.9x23.7cm. In: Partsch, S. (2000) Klee. p. 47. Koln: Taschen.
Artist’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of production) ‘Title of work.’ Medium, Size (if given). In: Author's surname/s, Initial/s. or, organisation name. (Year of publication) Title of webpage (in italics). [Online] [Access date] URL
Hicks, G. E. (1862) ‘Changing homes.’ Oil on Canvas, 89 x 150 cm. In: Art UK. (no date) Artworks: changing homes. [Online] [Accessed on 27th March 2017] https://www.artuk.org/discover/artworks/changing-homes-133025
This MMU Harvard referencing guide is designed to be used specifically by undergraduate students studying at Manchester Metropolitan University. However, all students are advised to check with their programme team as to which style of referencing is required as a few departments do not use the Harvard system.
Postgraduate students and those who are submitting material for publication should adhere strictly to guidelines or specifications provided by their supervisor or publishers of the relevant journal.
In constructing this guide, a number of handbooks from various institutions were consulted. Permission to use information from these institutes has been granted. The authors would like to thank and acknowledge the following institutes:
David Rudd – University of Bolton
Geoffrey Ward – University of Essex
Information Literacy Team – University of Leeds
Learning and Information Services (LIS) – University of Wolverhampton
Skills for Learning – Leeds Metropolitan University
Sue Taylor – University of Gloucestershire
Virginia Bell – Queen Margaret University
Academic Services – Bournemouth University
The authors would also like to thank members of staff from the Institute of Education and the Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care for their advice and recommendations.
Special thanks to Janet Rooney for the design of the PDF referencing guide.