MMU Harvard reference list format
From 1 August 2023, the institutional style for author-date referencing is Cite Them Right Harvard. From 30 September 2024 support for the MMU Harvard style will end. Please check with your department which referencing style you should be using.
Introduction
Enter a reference in your reference list for all sources that you have cited in your work.
If you have used et al. in your citation you need to list all authors in your reference list, for sources with up to eight authors. For sources with more than eight authors, follow the instruction in this section Sources with more than eight authors
How to order your references
List your references alphabetically by author surname or organisation name.
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Example reference list
53two. (2021) Equality, diversity and inclusion policy. Unknown place of publication: 53two. [Online] [Accessed on 31st May 2022] https://www.53two.com/_files/ugd/4db9ca_e8dd202435054a9faeebb9878c57547c.pdf
Arthur, C. (2012) ‘YouTube loses music clip copyright battle in court.’ The Guardian. [Online] 24th April [Accessed on 24th April 2012] http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2012/apr/20/youtube-music-clip-copyright-court
Barnes, M. and Brannelly, T. (2008) ‘Achieving care and social justice for people with dementia.’ Nursing Ethics, 15(3) pp. 384-395.
BBC. (2009) Teenage obesity link to future MS. [Online] [Accessed on 13th January 2010] http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8342585.stm
Corrigan, P. W. and Rao, D. (2012) ‘On the self-stigma of mental illness: stages, disclosure, and strategies for change.’ Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 57(8) pp. 464–469.
Corrigan, P. W., Edwards, A. B., Green, A., Diwan, S. L. and Penn, D. L. (2001) ‘Prejudice, social distance, and familiarity with mental illness.’ Schizophrenia Bulletin, 27(2) pp. 219-225.
Cottrell, S. (2005) Critical thinking skills: developing effective analysis and argument. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Cottrell, S. (2008) The study skills handbook. 3rd ed., Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Department for Education. (2014) The national curriculum in England: framework document. Unknown place of publication: Department for Education. [Online] [Accessed on 28th September 2017] https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/381344/Master_final_national_curriculum_28_Nov.pdf
Department of Trade and Industry. (2005) Our energy future: creating a low carbon economy. Cmnd. 5761, London: TSO.
Dickson, D. (2006) ‘Reflecting.’ In Hargie, O. (ed.) The handbook of communication skills. 3rd ed., London: Routledge, pp. 165-194.
Domestic violence prevention video for schools. (2003) Directed by T. Debbonaire. [Video] London: Westminster Domestic Violence Forum.
eBay. (2011) Annual Report 2011. San Jose: eBay Inc.
Gillen, J. K. (1998) An investigation into young children’s telephone discourse. Ph.D. Manchester Metropolitan University.
Jameson, R. (1994) ‘Making the connection.’ Housing, 30(1) pp. 45-46.
Jameson, K. and Kidd, P. (1974) Pre-school play. London: Studio Vista.
Jones, R. (2012) The future of IT and Library Services. Presentation at Wessex University, Wessex, 10th January.
Kuznetsov, A. and Kuznetsova, O. (2001) ‘The progress of market culture in Russia and managerial response’. In Academy of International Business. Proceedings of the 28th annual conference of the Academy of International Business (UK chapter) International business in the 21st century: change and continuity - strategies, institutions, regulations and operations. Vol. 1. Manchester Metropolitan University Business School, Manchester, 6th – 7th April 2001. McDonald, F. and Tuselman, H. Manchester: Manchester Metropolitan University Business School, pp. 471-488.
Mintel. (2012) Coffee shops: UK. February 2012. London: Mintel Group.
Mullins, L. J. (2007) Management and organisational behaviour. 8th ed., Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall.
Mullins, R. (2007) ‘iPhone: why one little gadget matters so much.’ Network World, 24(50) p. 33.
The Guardian. (2022) ‘The Guardian view on Windrush history: ministers are hiding the truth.’ The Guardian. [Online] 30th May. [Accessed on 31sh May 2022] https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/may/30/the-guardian-view-on-windrush-history-ministers-are-hiding-the-truth
Travis, A. and Topham, G. (2012) ‘Airlines raise pressure to relax border controls.’ The Guardian. 24th April. p.8.
Whitehead, E. and Mason, T. (2003) ‘Study skills for nurses.’ Social Science and Medicine, 58(2) pp. 369-378.
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Sources by different authors with the same surname
List references in alphabetical order according to the author’s initials:
Example
Mullins, L. J. (2007) Management and organisational behaviour. 8th ed., Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall.
Mullins, R. (2007) ‘iPhone: why one little gadget matters so much.’ Network World, 24(50) p. 33.
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Sources by the same author/s but different publication dates
List references in chronological order with the earliest first.
Example
Cottrell, S. (2005) Critical thinking skills: developing effective analysis and argument. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Cottrell, S. (2008) The study skills handbook. 3rd ed., Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
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Sources by different authors with the same surname, where one publication is by a single author and the other is by more than one author
List the single authored reference first. This is the case regardless of the author’s first name.
Example
Jameson, R. (1994) ‘Making the connection.’ Housing, 30(1) pp. 45-46.
Jameson, K. and Kidd, P. (1974) Pre-school play. London: Studio Vista.
In the above example Jameson, R. comes before Jameson, K. This is because a joint publication is always placed after the single authored publication with the same surname.
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Sources by two authors with the same lead author but different co-authors
List references alphabetically by the second author surname, regardless of the year of publication.
Example
Corrigan, P. W. and Nieweglowski, K. (2019) ‘How does familiarity impact the stigma of mental illness?’ Clinical Psychology Review, 70, June, pp. 40-50.
Corrigan, P. W. and Rao, D. (2012) ‘On the self-stigma of mental illness: stages, disclosure, and strategies for change.’ Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 57(8) pp. 464–469.
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Sources by the same lead author but different co-authors, where one source is by two authors and the other is by more than two authors and uses et al. in the citation
List the reference with two authors before the source with more than two authors, regardless of the year of publication and the second author surname.
For example, if your citations are:
(Corrigan and Rao, 2012)
(Corrigan et al., 2001)
… list the reference with two authors first:
Corrigan, P. W. and Rao, D. (2012) ‘On the self-stigma of mental illness: stages, disclosure, and strategies for change.’ Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 57(8) pp. 464–469.
Corrigan, P. W., Edwards, A. B., Green, A., Diwan, S. L. and Penn, D. L. (2001) ‘Prejudice, social distance, and familiarity with mental illness.’ Schizophrenia Bulletin, 27(2) pp. 219-225.
This is so that the reader can locate the references in your reference list using only the information provided in the citation.
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Sources by more than two authors, that use et al. in the citation, and have the same lead author but different co-authors
List references chronologically with the earliest first, regardless of the second author surname.
For example, if your citations are:
(Corrigan et al., 2011)
(Corrigan et al., 2012)
… list the references in chronological order:
Corrigan, P. W., Rafacz, J. and Rüsch, N. (2011) ‘Examining a progressive model of self-stigma and its impact on people with serious mental illness.’ Psychiatry Research, 189(3) pp. 339-343.
Corrigan, P. W., Morris, S. B., Michaels, P. J., Rafacz, J. D. and Rüsch, N. (2012) ‘Challenging to Public Stigma of Mental Illness: A Meta-Analysis of Outcome Studies.’ Psychiatric Services, 63(10) pp. 963-973.
This is so that the reader can locate the references in your reference list using only the information provided in the citation.
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Sources by more than two authors, that use et al. in the citation, and have the same lead author but different co-authors, published in the same year
Firstly follow the instruction in the section:
Therefore, if for example, your citations are:
(Corrigan, Michaels et al., 2012)
(Corrigan, Morris et al., 2012)
… list the references in alphabetical order by second author surname
Corrigan, P. W., Michaels, P. J., Vega, E., Gause, M., Watson, A.C. and Rüsch N. (2012) ‘Self-stigma of mental illness scale—short form: reliability and validity.’ Psychiatry Research, 199(1) pp. 65-69.
Corrigan, P. W., Morris, S. B., Michaels, P. J., Rafacz, J. D. and Rüsch, N. (2012) ‘Challenging to Public Stigma of Mental Illness: A Meta-Analysis of Outcome Studies.’ Psychiatric Services, 63(10) pp. 963-973.
If you also have used other sources with more than two authors, that use et al. in the citation, and have the same lead author but different co-authors, list the additional sources chronologically with the earliest first.
For example if your citations are:
(Corrigan et al., 2011)
(Corrigan, Michaels et al., 2012)
(Corrigan, Morris et al., 2012)
(Corrigan et al., 2014)
… list the references in this order:
Corrigan, P. W., Rafacz, J. and Rüsch, N. (2011) ‘Examining a progressive model of self-stigma and its impact on people with serious mental illness.’ Psychiatry Research, 189(3) pp. 339-343.
Corrigan, P. W., Michaels, P. J., Vega, E., Gause, M., Watson, A.C. and Rüsch N. (2012) ‘Self-stigma of mental illness scale—short form: reliability and validity.’ Psychiatry Research, 199(1) pp. 65-69.
Corrigan, P. W., Morris, S. B., Michaels, P. J., Rafacz, J. D. and Rüsch, N. (2012) ‘Challenging to Public Stigma of Mental Illness: A Meta-Analysis of Outcome Studies.’ Psychiatric Services, 63(10) pp. 963-973.
Corrigan P. W., Powell, K.J. and Michaels, P. J. (2014) ‘Brief battery for measurement of stigmatizing versus affirming attitudes about mental illness.’ Psychiatry Research, 215(2) pp. 466-70.