School of Art Numeric Referencing
This guide covers the basics of numeric referencing.
Section heading
Using the numeric style
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Citations
Citations are used where you mention other people’s work or ideas in the text.
This can be when you have paraphrased/summarised or directly quoted from an author.
The numeric system uses footnotes. You insert a footnote to indicate each source you are citing, i.e. 1 for the first source, 2 for the second, etc.
Examples
‘Art appreciation can also involve the more demanding process of criticising the art object on the basis of its artistic methods’1
Nochlin2has drawn attention to the implications for visual representation of myths concerning the timelessness of the Orient.
You can use a superscript number as shown above. In Word, footnotes can be added by choosing References, then selecting Insert Footnotes. The footnote will appear at the bottom of the page (as shown below).
Numbers should run as a continuous sequence throughout your work. Make sure you are consistent with the placement of the numbers and their format to avoid distracting the reader.
Please note that this style allows you to use either footnotes (a list at the bottom of each page) or endnotes (one numbered list at the end of the document). These numbers must match the sources used in your text. Pick either footnotes or endnotes and use them consistently through the assignment.
1 Arnold, D. (2004) Art history: a very short introduction. New York, Oxford University Press p.3
2 Nochlin, L. (1990) Realism. Harmsworth: Penguin.
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Footnotes
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Bibliography
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Using quotes
FAQs
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Do I still need a separate bibliography if I have used footnotes?
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Can I include images in my work?
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What happens if I repeat the same source later in my footnotes?
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How do I quote/paraphrase an author who is cited in another work?
A secondary source is when you quote or paraphrase information from an author who is quoted in another source.
When citing in the text you need to include the surname of the person who had the original idea. It is also useful to include details of where that idea/s was actually published.
Example
Extract taken from the book by Whitehead and Mason16 :
A better way of appreciating the skills of reflective practice is to use Burns and Bulman’s framework. This involves a five-element scheme for reflection in which the first is self-awareness.
In this case the ideas come from Burns and Bulman but were published in the source by Whitehead and Mason. It is the source you have read by Whitehead and Mason that needs to appear in the footnote/bibliography.